3. Click on a lesson name to select. Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology Section 1: Organisms and Their Relationships Section 2: Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Section 3: Cycling of Matter

4. Chapter 2.1 notes Standard(s) 6E Students know a vital part of an ecosystem is the stability of its producers and decomposers. Objectives: Explain the difference between abiotic factors and biotic factors Describe the levels of biological organization. Differentiate between an organism’s habitat and niche.

5. Ecology  Studies relationships among living organisms and the interaction the organisms have with their environments 2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology

6. Biotic Factors Principles of Ecology  Living factors in an organism’s environment  Ex. Birds, plants Abiotic Factors  Nonliving factors in an organism’s environment  Ex. Climate, water 2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2

7. Levels of Organization Principles of Ecology  Levels increase in complexity as the numbers and interactions between organisms increase.  organism  population  biological community  ecosystem  biosphere 2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2

8. The Biosphere  A thin layer around Earth that contains life Principles of Ecology 2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2

9. Principles of Ecology  Population- Organisms of a single species that share the area at the same time.  A biological community is a group of interacting populations that occupy the same area at the same time. 2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2

10.  An ecosystem is a biological (living) community and all of the abiotic (nonliving) factors that affect it. Principles of Ecology 2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2

11. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2

12. Ecosystem Interactions Principles of Ecology  habitat - an area where an organism lives.  niche - the role or position that an organism has in its environment.  Ex: Shark is a top predator in the ocean  Generalist-broad range niche ex. Rat  Specialist- small range niche ex. koala 2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2

13. Community Interactions Principles of Ecology  Competition  Occurs when more than one organism or species uses a resource at the same time  Predation (predator- prey)  Many species get their food by eating other organisms.  Interacting Organisms Survival video clip Interacting Organisms Survival video clip 2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2

14. Principles of Ecology  Symbiotic relationships - close relationship that exists when two or more species live together  Mutualism relationship between two or more organisms in which both benefit from the relationship  Ex. Bee/flower  Commensalism relationship between organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped 2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Chapter 2

15. 2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Parasitism- a relationship between organisms in which one benefits at the expense of another organism Ex. Leech or tapeworm

16. Energy in an Ecosystem  Autotrophs/Producers 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Principles of Ecology  Organism that collects energy from sunlight or inorganic substances to produce food  Heterotrophs/ Consumers  Organism that gets it energy requirements by consuming other organisms A lynx is a heterotroph. Chapter 2

17. ecosystem, Importance - returns nutrients to the soil, air, and water where They can be reused by Organisms (plants). Example: Fungus Detritivores/decomposers: eat fragments of dead matter in an Principles of Ecology Fungus 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Chapter 2 Cyanobacteria found in the ocean

18. Types of Consumers: –Primary - herbivores Ex: Rabbits, deer, mice, shrimp –Secondary - omnivores or carnivores Ex: Coyotes, snakes, hawk, seals –Tertiary - high-level consumer, usually the top predator in an ecosystem and/or food chain. Ex: Sharks, lions, cheetahs, killer whales 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem

19. Principles of Ecology Models of Energy Flow  Food chains and webs model the energy flow through an ecosystem.  Each step in a food chain or food web is called a trophic level.  Food webs and food chains video (live) Food webs and food chains video (live)  Food Web animation Food Web animation 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Chapter 2

20. Principles of Ecology Food Webs  a model representing the many interconnected food chains and pathways in which energy flows through a group of organisms. 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Chapter 2

21. Principles of Ecology Food Chains  a simple model that shows how energy flows through an ecosystem. 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Chapter 2

22. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2

23. Principles of Ecology Ecological Pyramids  A diagram that can show the relative amounts of energy, biomass, or numbers of organisms at each trophic level 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Chapter 2

24. Energy transfer Only 10% of the energy in a trophic level is transferred to the next level The rest is used or lost as heat The number of individuals is always larger at the bottom of the pyramid than the top because tertiary consumers require more food due to the reduction of energy available. Energy Flow video: Discovery 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem

25. Cycles in the Biosphere 2.3 Cycling of Matter Principles of Ecology  The cycling of nutrients in the biosphere involves both matter in living organisms and physical processes found in the environment such as weathering. Chapter 2

26. The Water Cycle Principles of Ecology 2.3 Cycling of Matter Chapter 2

27. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2

28. Processes involved in the water cycle: Precipitation (rain, snow, sleet) Evaporation (released back into the atmosphere) Transpiration (plants) Condensation (clouds)

29. Principles of Ecology The Carbon and Oxygen Cycles 2.3 Cycling of Matter Chapter 2

30. Main processes involved in the Carbon Cycle: Combustion (burning of fuels) Photosynthesis (plants) Respiration (plants and animals)

31. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2

32. Principles of Ecology The Nitrogen Cycle  The capture and conversion of nitrogen into a form that is useable by plants is called nitrogen fixation. 2.3 Cycling of Matter Chapter 2

33. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2

34. Principles of Ecology  Consumers get nitrogen by eating plants or animals that contain nitrogen. 2.3 Cycling of Matter Chapter 2  Nitrogen enters the food web when plants absorb nitrogen compounds from soil.

35. Principles of Ecology  Nitrogen is returned to the soil in several ways:  Animals urinate.  Organisms die.  Organisms convert ammonia into nitrogen compounds.  Denitrification: bacteria convert nitrogen compounds into nitrogen gas, which returns to the atmosphere 2.3 Cycling of Matter Chapter 2

36. Principles of Ecology Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions Formative Test Questions Chapter Assessment Questions Standardized Test Practice biologygmh.com Glencoe Biology Transparencies Image Bank Vocabulary Animation Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature. Chapter 2

37. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D CDQ 1 A. predation B. parasitism C. commensalism D. mutualism Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 Chapter Diagnostic Questions The act of one organism consuming another organism for food is _______.

38. CDQ 2 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D A. from an autotroph to a heterotroph B. from a heterotroph to an autotroph C. from a carnivore to an herbivore D. from an omnivore to an herbivore Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 Chapter Diagnostic Questions Identify how energy flows through an ecosystem in a typical food chain.

39. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 1 Principles of Ecology A. plants and microscopic organisms living B. pH and salt concentration of the soil C. sunlight, soil type and soil nutrients D. temperature, air currents and rainfall Chapter 2 2.1 Formative Questions Which are biotic factors in a forest environment?

40. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 2 A. ecosystem B. habitat C. biological community D. biotic collection Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.1 Formative Questions What is the name for a group of interacting populations that occupy the same area at the same time?

41. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 3 A. all of the biotic factors in an ecosystem B. an area where an organism lives C. an area in which various species interact D. the role or position that an organism has Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.1 Formative Questions Which defines habitat?

42. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 4 A. autotroph B. herbivore C. heterotroph D. decomposer Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.2 Formative Questions What type of organism is the foundation of all ecosystems?

43. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 5 Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.2 Formative Questions A. They feed on fragments of dead plants and animals B. They feed on organisms by releasing digestive enzymes. C. They get energy from inorganic substances to make food. D. They use chlorophyll to capture energy from the sun. How do detritivores obtain their energy in an ecosystem?

44. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 6 A. carnivores B. herbivores C. autotrophs D. heterotrophs Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.2 Formative Questions Which type of organism exists at all trophic levels except the first trophic level?

45. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 7 A. decomposer B. primary producer C. secondary producer D. top level consumer Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.3 Formative Questions What type of organism returns nutrients to an ecosystem?

46. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 9 A. carbon cycle B. nitrogen cycle C. phosphorus cycle D. water cycle Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.3 Formative Questions Which biogeochemical cycle involves evaporation, transpiration, precipitation and runoff?

47. FQ 10 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.3 Formative Questions A. photosynthesis B. respiration C. combustion of fossil fuels D. deposition of dead material Which process in this cycle converts carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates?

48. Use the diagram to compare and contrast biotic and abiotic factors. Give examples of each. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 Chapter Assessment Questions CAQ 1

49. Answer: Biotic factors include the living factors in an organism’s environment, such as animals, reptiles, plants, and microscopic organisms. Abiotic factors are the nonliving factors, such as water temperature, rainfall, soil, and available nutrients. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 Chapter Assessment Questions CAQ 2

50. The diagram shows how carbon cycles through the environment. Describe how photosynthesis is involved in the carbon cycle. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 Chapter Assessment Questions CAQ 5

51. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 Chapter Assessment Questions Answer: During photosynthesis, green plants and algae convert carbon dioxide and water to carbohydrates and release oxygen into the air. The plants use the carbohydrates for energy. Carbon dioxide is released back into the air through cellular respiration. CAQ 6

52. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D STP 2 A. commensalism B. competition C. mutualism D. parasitism Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice Certain types of tropical orchids use trees for support in order to grow higher and obtain more light. This neither harms nor benefits the tree. What type of symbiotic relationship is this?

53. 1.A 2.B STP 3 Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice If an ecologist finds that the long-tailed weasels have disappeared from the desert community, she should conclude that there will be a decrease in the population of coyotes. A. true B. false

54. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D STP 4 Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice B. It is consumed by snakes. A. It consumes grasshoppers. D. It is a third-level consumer. C. It consumes both grasshoppers and snakes. Why is this mouse classified as an omnivore?

55. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D STP 5 A. decomposition B. denitrification C. nitrification D. nitrogen fixation Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice Which process returns nitrogen to the food web?