1. Does anyone who has moral beliefs presuppose that God exists? Immanuel Kant: Morality includes seeking the “highest good.” The highest good cannot be realized unless God exists. So, anyone who is moral presupposes that God exists. Germain Grisez: Morality presupposes knowledge of the real human goods. Such knowledge must come from God. So, anyone who is moral presupposes that God exists.

2. Morality and the ten commandments Moses and the two tablets Specific religious commandments General moral principles

3. The “Euthyphro dilemma” The story of Plato’s Euthyphro The dilemma: X is morally good because God wills it OR God wills X because X is morally good. Aquinas’s position as reported by Davies. Aquinas on God’s commands