1. IMPROVEMENT IN TOMATO (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
PRESENTED BY
TANUJA BUCKSETH
H M
VGC-591

2. Tomato( Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Family - Solanaceae
Native to the Andes of South America
Introduced to Europe in 1500s
Believed to be poisonous until 1700s
Tomatine in green tissue
Tender, warm season annual
There are hundreds of cultivated varieties of tomatoes.
High in vitamins A & C.

3. Lycopersicon esculentum
Evolution of tomato
Solanum lycopersicum
L. Esculentum var. cerasiforme: immediate ancestor, which is the common, weedy, wild counterpart of the same species
The origin of tomato has been quite controversial: Peru vs. Mexico? The common agreement is that the tomato leading to today’s domesticated crop originates from Mexico.
Lycopersicon esculentum
var. cerasiforme

4. Cytogenetics of tomato
For all species: 2n = 2x = 24
Solanum lycopersicum L. and its near relatives are self-fertile.
Other species display different mating systems from strict autogamy to strict allogamy in self-incompatible taxa.
Solanum lycopersicum L. can be hybridized with all other species of Lycopersicon
Hybridization leads to recombination, hence a source of genetic variability.

5. Morphological evolution
Ancestral
self-incompatible
species
Var. cerasiforme
Latin American
cultivars
Domestication and improvement of the tomato has been accompanied by changes in the stigma position that have improved fruit-setting ability.
- older Latin American tend to have well exserted stigmas. When such types are cultivated in the absence of appropriate pollinating insects, their fruit setting is greatly diminished.
- strong selection for less exserted stigmas must therefore have occurred after the tomato was first introduced to Europe.
- as a result, the stigma of most cultivars became fixed at the mouth of the anther tube.
- in California ( ), an even lower position was inadvertently selected, further ameliorating fruit set. This improvement, which practically eliminates outcrossing, was subsequently bred into many modern cultivars.
Older European & N. American cultivars
Modern Californian
cultivars
Rick, C.M (1976)

6. Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme
HISTORY
Native to western South America
Wild form of Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme, found in Mexico, Central America, and other parts of South America
Mexican origin of cultivated tomatoes transported to Old World
Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme

7. Evolutionary relationships of tomato

8. Esculentum var. Cerasiforme weedy, ± inbred self-incompatible,
Lycopersicon
9 spp., all 2n = 2x = 24
Esculentum var. Cerasiforme
weedy, ± inbred self-incompatible,
widespread in tropical America
Various mating
Systems, western
South America
Human selection in MesoAmerica, larger fruits, new colors, etc.
Introgression
Primitive cvs in
tropical America
Pimpinellifolium weedy ± inbred
coastal Ecuador and Peru
Spread to Europe,thus to other north temperate areas in 16th-19th centuries
Prospects for future research:
- resistance to gemini viruses, including Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV)
- r. to bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum) in the wet tropics and subtropics
- r. to strains of powdery mildew (Leveillula tamica) in central Europe and the Mediterranean
- r. to arthropod pest
- tolerance to abiotic stress
Potato-Tomato hybrids (topato) are the widest combination yet obtained and exemplify hybrids not achievable via sexual means, but are weak, unstable, and totally sterile.
Wider genetic base
Temperate cvs narrow genetic base, highly inbred, pure-line breeding in early 20th century
Hybridization &
selection
Modern cvs

9. SYSTEMATICS
KINGDOM : Plantae DIVISION: Spermatophyta SUB-DIVISION: Angiosperms CLASS: Dicotyledonae SUB-CLASS: Gamopetalae SERIES: Bicarpillate ORDER: Polmonales FAMILY: Solanaceae SUB-FAMILY: Soloanoideae, Cestroideae TRIBE: Solaneae GENUS: Solanum SPECIES: Lycopersicum

10. TAXONOMY Earlier the botanical name of tomato was Solanum lycopersicum
Miller(1788) – Lycopersicon esculentum ( cultivated form)
Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium ( wild form)
Now the name of tomato is Solanum lycopersicum L.
Muller(1940) & Luckwill (1943) - two sub-genera
I ) Eulycopersicon (true lycopersicon)
II ) Eriopersicon (woolly persicon)
Eulycopersicon-
Red fruited type ,carotenoid pigmentation.
Cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), wild tomato (L. pimpinellifolium)
Eriopersicon-
Green fruited type with anthocyanin pigmentation
L. pissi, L. peruvianum, L. hirsutum, L. glandulosum, L. cheesamanii

11. BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION
BOTANICAL VARIETY
COMMON NAME
Var. commune
Common Tomato
Var. grandifolium
Large Leafed Tomato
Var. validium
Upright Tomato
Var. cerasiforme
Cherry Tomato
Var. pyriforme
Pear tomato
Bailey ,1949

12. First a little on flower morphology

13. the stigma, where the pollen will be placed
the anther cone, which usually completely surrounds the female parts. The source of pollen, Depending on cultivar or cultural conditions the stigma might exert outside of the anther cone.
the petals, usually yellow. will be attached to the anther cone. some may be white
the ovary, the immature fruit where seeds will develop
the sepals, the "green petals" below the yellow. Should not come off when removing the anther cone
the style, make SURE this doesn't get damaged as well as the stigma when emasculating
pedicel, the stem that attaches the flower
Stigma + style + ovary = female parts (pistillate) Anther(cone) = male parts (staminate) source of pollen

14. The tomato flower goes through many stages as it develops into fruit

16. CROP IMPROVEMENT Aimed for increasing crop production and productivity
Over the years large no. of varieties have been released
However, there is a need of continuous crop improvement development to meet the challenges ahead

17. Need For Improvement In Tomato
Early , better quality and high yielding
Resistance to important diseases and insect pests of the area
Resistance to rot knot nematode
Suitable for both cold temperature and high temperature conditions
High nutritional value and better shelf life
Suitable for processing and long transportation
Resistance to multiple diseases and insects

18. History of Tomato Improvement
1920
1940
1990
Improvement largely dependent upon selection to chance variants (mutation, spontaneous outcrossing or assortment of genetic variation)
Application of standard breeding methods: pedigree selection, backcross
Selection for resistant strains of tomato; use of related wild species and exotic germplasm; great yield increase
Development of F1 hybrid cultivars; molecular breeding; transgenics for disease and herbicide resistance
F1 hybrids offer the advantages of earliness, improved quality and yield, as well as combinations of desirable dominant parental alleles, particularly for disease resistance.

19. BREEDING SYSTEM
Sum total of all the genetic, physiological and morphological traits of species that determines its optimum fitness i.e. adaptation to the immediate environment or future changes
Since tomato is a self-pollinated crop, there are certain conditions favouring this mechanism:
a) Chasmogamy
b) Homogamy
c) Stigmas are closely surrounded by anthers

20. Methods For Improvement
Conventional Breeding Methods
Introduction
Selection
Hybridization
Pedigree method
Bulk method
Back cross method
Heterosis
Non Conventional Breeding Methods
Tissue culture
Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology)

21. 1) Introduction
Seeds of improved varieties are introduced from one ecological area into another and evaluated
Either used directly for large scale cultivation or crossed with indigenous cultivars to develop better varieties
Several introductions like Sioux, Roma, Marglobe, Best of All and La Bonita became popular with farmers for large scale cultivation

22. 2) Selection
Mainly Individual Plant Selection is used where chance variants, superior types from a mixed homozygous population in tomato is selected
Effective method to make maximum use of germplasm
SOURCE
SELECTIONS
Meeruti
Improved Meeruti
Local Cultivars
Punjab Kesari, Angur Lata
Tip Top
Arka Vikas
V-685
Arka Saurabh
Exotic Line
HS 110
Ottawa-60
Aahuti
UC 83 B
Arka Aashish
Pearl Harbour (BWR 1)
CO-1
AC 238
Pant Bahar
VC , CL
Arka Aalok (BWR 5)

23. 3) Hybridization
Crop /Varieties
Parents
Pusa Ruby
Sioux X Improved Meeruti
Pusa Early Dwarf
Improved Meeruti X Red Cloud
HS -101
Selection 2-3 X Exotic Cultivar
HS-102
S 12 X Pusa Early Dwarf
Punjab Chhuhara
Punjab Tropic X EC 55055
Marglobe
Marvel X Globe
Sel.1
Pusa Early Dwarf X HS 101
Sel.2
(HS 101 X Punjab Tropic) X (H-14 X Punjab Tropic)
Improved Cultivars developed by Interspecific Hybridization
H-24 (Hisar Anmol)
L. esculentum X L. hirsutum f. glabratum
Pusa Red Plum
L. esculentum X L. pimpinellifolium

24. Back Cross Method
Successfully used in breeding varieties resistant to diseases such as Fusarium, Verticilium, Stemphylium and Root Knot Nematode
Transgression of the desired genes from the wild related Lycopersicon species into the cultivated species (S.lycopersicum)
Transfer leaf curl virus resistance from Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum to cultivated tomato

25. DOUBLE BACK CROSS IN TOMATO
Late Large fruit Early small fruit Punjab Tropic (PT) X H-S-102 (HS) SE LECTION PT X F1 X HS SELECTION FOR PT X BC1 BC ‘1 X HS FOR EARLY PT X BC2 BC’2 X HS LARGE MATURITY SIZE BC3 X BC’3 F1 F2 POPULATION SELECTION FOR EARLY AND LARGE SIZE EVALUATION
Kalloo, G (1988)

26. Pedigree Method Most common breeding method in tomato
Single plant selection is initiated in F2 and continued through successive generations till pure lines are obtained (generally till F6)
Selection pressure is on heritable characters

27. Single Seed Descent Method
Conceptualized by Brim (1966)
Modified pedigree method
Now encouraged to be used by tomato breeder as generation can be advanced in the off-season
Allows the maintenance of broad genetic base in advanced generation

28. Hybridization F1 Few plants F2 Rows planting Pedigree F3 150 families
F5 SSD
F6 SSD SSD
F7 Rows
Evaluation and Multiplication
Combination of Pedigree and Single Seed Descent Method
Casali and Tigchelaar (1975)

29. HETEROSIS BREEDING Heterosis in tomato, product of mid 20th century
First step towards a large scale extension of hybrid tomato cultivars took place in Bulgaria (Yordonov, 1983)
First tomato hybrid cultivar “Karnataka” introduced by Indo-American Hybrid Seed Company (IAHS) in 1973

30. Methods for hybrid seed production
Hand emasculation and pollination
Male sterility

31. Important hybrids available in tomato in public and private sector
Public Sector
IARI (New Delhi)
KT-4, Pusa Hybrid-1, Pusa Hybrid-2, Pusa Hybrid-4, Pusa Divya
IIHR (Bangalore)
Arka Vardhan, Arka Vishal, Arka Shreshtha, Arka Abhijit
GBPUAT (Pantnagar)
Pant Hybrid-1, Pant Hybrid-2
NDUAT (Faizabad)
NDTH-1, NDTH-2, NDTH-6
UHF (Solan)
Solan Shagun, Solan Garima, Solan Sindhur

32. Private Sector Ankur ARTH-3, ARTH-4 Century Century-12, Maitri, Rishi
Indo American
Karnataka, Mangla, Vaishali, Rupali, Naveen, Rashmi, Sheetal
Mahyco
MTH-1, MTH-2, MTH-6, MTH-15, MTH-16, S-28, Sonali
Namdhari
NS-386, NS-815, Summerset, Cross B, Gotya
Nath
NA-501, NA-601
Nijjar
NH-15, NH-25, NH-38
Pioneer
LIHB-230
Sandoz
Learika, Rasika, Avinash 11
Sungrow
Arjuna, Krishna, Bhim
Sutton
Sutton Grom, Prolific
Beejo Sheetal
BSS-39, BSS-20, BSS-40, BSS-90

33. Breeding For Biotic Stresses
Include disease and insect pest resistance
Depends upon availability of sources of resistance
Existing old/new variety, land races and closely related species
Genetics of resistance should be known before using a particular breeding method
Upto now, more than 20 major genes for disease resistance
Emphasis should be given to complete resistance by major genes
In tomato, the wild related species of Lycopersicon are the primary source of genes for resistance
Successful transfer of genes for resistance from related species to the cultivated species by back crossing
Many wild species widely used as donors of genes for disease resistance

34. RESISTANCE BREEDING IN TOMATO
DISEASE
RESISTANCE SOURCE
RESISTANT VARIETIES
Buckeye rot
L. pimpinellifolium
Early Selection,KT-10, KT-15, Flat Large Red, Red Cherry
Fusarium Wilt
L. hirsutum f. glabratum, L.hirsutum, L. peruvianum, L. pimpinellifolium
Pant Bahar, BSS-20, Roma, Meenakshi, Roza, HS-110, Pan American for race1 and Walter for race2
Leaf Curl Virus
L. hirsutum f. glabratum, , L. peruvianum, L. pimpinellifolium, L. glandulosum
H-24, H-36,Hissar Gaurav, Hissar Anmol
Spotted Wilt Virus
L. hirsutum f. glabratum, , L. peruvianum, L. pimpinellifolium
Pearl Harbour, Red Currant
Early Blight
H-22, H-25, Solan Vajar, Kalyanpur No.1
Late Blight
L. pimpinellifolium, L. esculentum var. cerasifolrme
Ottawa 30, Ottawa 31, Red Cherry, Early Market

35. Contd… Verticillium Blight L. pimpinellifolium Pant Bahar Fruit Borer
L. hirsutum f. glabratum, L.hirsutum
Pusa Uphar
Bacterial Wilt
BT-1, BT-10, Arka Abhijit, Arka Shresha, BWR-1, BWR-5, Arka Alok, Arka Abha, Arka Vardhan
Root Knot Nematode
L. peruvianum
Hissar Lalit, Pusa 120 (Sel 120), Nematex, Arka Vardhans

36. BREEDING FOR ABIOTIC STRESSES
Include environmental conditions such as;
Low and high temperature
Drought conditions
Flooding
moisture stress
Soil salinity
Water logging conditions etc.
A few Lycopersicon species tolerant to abiotic stresses are:
Lycopersicon species
Environmental stress tolerance
L. cheesamanii
Salt tolerance, heat tolerance for fruit set
L. pimpinellifolium
Heat tolerance for fruit set, drought tolerance
L. chilense
Drought tolerance, cold resistance
L. hirsutum
Cold tolerance, chilling tolerance, salt tolerance
L. pennelii
Drought tolerance, salt tolerance
Solanum lycopersicoides
Cold tolerance

37. Tomato varieties resistant to abiotic stresses
Variety
Abiotic stress tolerance
Pusa Sheetal
Fruit set upto 8oC (Low) night temperature
Pusa hybrid-1
Fruit set upto 28oC (high) night temperature
Pusa Sadabahar
Fruit set at both low (6oC) and high (30oC) night temperature
Sabour Suphala
Salt tolerant at seed germination stage
Arka Vikas
Tolerant to moisture stress

38. Non-Conventional breeding methods
Genetic transformation in tomato by the vector Agrobacterium tumefaciens, electroporation and direct gene transfer
Tissue culture
Possible to produce somatic hybrids between S. lycopersicum and L. peruvianum by protoplast fusion
Molecular genetic markers like RFLP, RAPD
Genetic engineering utilization for development of transgenic tomato for disease and insect pest resistance and slow or delayed fruit ripening

39. First biotech tomato marketed - Calgene's Flavr Savr tomato (1994)

40. Bt genes transgenic tomato – first developed and tested by Monsanto in 1989
Transgenics with insecticidal properties, like delta- endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) protienase inhibitors etc.
In India, gene cry AC was introduced into tomato to produce transgenic resistant to Helicoverpa armigera
In India, Parker, Bonus, VFN-8 possesses resistance against H. armigera (Lal, 1985)
Kakkar et al.(1990) found genotype resistant against H. armigera
Bt genes (Gui ai, G42Aa (cry AB)) are being utilized to develop transgenics with resistance to fruit borer
Coat protein(cp) from the viral genome TMV( Tomato mosaic virus) and CMV(cucumber mosaic virus)

41. ( fw 2.2) - One of the major genes in tomato domestication
Genetic mapping and QTL (quantitative trait loci) analysis by RFLP technology
( fw 2.2) - One of the major genes in tomato domestication
Recently genetically engineered male sterility system have been developed in tomato Cytoplasm(L. peruvianum) L. pennelii
Identification of markers linked to disease resistance in Tomato (Major et al., 1998)
Crop
Pathogen
Gene identified
Type of markers
Tomato
Meloidogyne incognita
Cladosporium fulvum
Leveillula taurica
Phytophthora infestans
Verticillium dahliae
Yellow leaf curl virus Mi
Cf9 Lv
Ph2 Ve
Ty1
RAPD
AFLP
RFLP, RAPD
RFLP

42. SUMMARY…. Variety Organization Parentage Characteristics Pusa Ruby
IARI, New Delhi
Sioux X Improved Meeruti
Indeterminate, early, firm, medium size, uniform ripening
Pusa Early Dwarf
Improved Meeruti X Red Cloud, determinate
Plants dwarf, , early maturing, medium size
HS 101
HAU, Hisar
Sel. 2-3 X An exotic culture
A very promising variety, determinate, dwarf, fruit medium size juicy, wide stability
HS 102
S 12 X Pusa Early Dwarf
Extremely early, Fruits medium to small, round juicy, thin pericarp
HS 110
Selection from an exotic line
Determinate, late, potato leaf type, fruit large, highly suitable for table purpose

43. Contd… Hisar Arun ( Sel. 7 ) HAU, Hisar Pusa Early Dwarf X K1
Extremely early and high yielding, plant dwarf, fruit medium to large, round, deep red
Hisar Lalima ( Sel. 18 )
Pusa Early Dwarf X HS 101
Early, determinate, fruits round, large, high yielding
Hisar Lalit
HS 101 X Resistant Bangalore
Semi- determinate, early, fruit round, medium to large, resistant to root knot nematode
H 24 (Hisar Anmol )
Hisar Arun X L. Hirsutum f. glabratum
Field resistance to tomato leaf curl virus, plant determinate, fruit medium size
CO 3
Coimbatore
A mutant of CO 1
Determinate, fruit red round, medium size
KS 2
Kalyanpur, Kanpur
Determinate, early, round, high yielding
Punjab Chhuhara
PAU, Ludhiana
EC 55OO5 X Punjab Tropic
Determinate, dwarf, high yield, pear shaped fruit, suitable for long transportation

44. Contd… Sel. 120 PANT T 3 Arka Vikas Arka Saurabh Pusa Gaurav
IARI, New Delhi
Semi- determinate, late, fruit large, resistant to root knot nematode
PANT T 3
GBPUA&T, Pantnagar
Pure Line Selection
Plant semi- determinate, fruit medium round, smooth
Arka Vikas
IIHR, Bangalore
A selection from a variable population American variety Tip Top
Plant indeterminate, fruit medium large, suitable for fresh market
Arka Saurabh
Selection from a line V-685, introduced from Canada
Semi- determinate, suitable for both processing and fresh market
Pusa Gaurav
Fruit yellowish red, good for processing and long distance transportation
Pant Bahar
Bushy branched, flattish round, medium shaped fruit
Pusa Hybrid 1
F1 hybrid
Determinate plant, prolific bearing, round fruits
Pusa Hybrid 2
Semi – determinate, dwarf plant, medium sized fruits

45. Reasons for creating the genetically modified tomato:
The reasons for creating genetically modified tomatoes were because of the potential advantages of genetically modified foods.
In the present age, vegetables and fruits are not commercially cultivated merely for the local market, but are intended for shipping over long distances to nation-wide and international markets.
Ripe fruits and vegetables have soft skins and can easily be damaged during handling and processing. They can also rot in the time taken to ship and get them to the shops.
In order to ensure easier handling and longer shelf life, vegetables and fruits are harvested when still green, and then artificially ripened with ethylene gas. The drawback in this is that the artificially ripened fruit and vegetables do not have the tasty flavor of their naturally ripened counterparts.

46. Status of Tomato breeding at UHF, Nauni
Solan Gola - oldest variety, single plant selection
Solan Vajr - Selection from Solan Gola released in 2001
Yashwant –An open pollinated variety
Solan Sagun- Hybrid variety
Solan Garima – Hybrid variety developed by crossing UHF-55 (Female) andUHF-22 (Male) in 2007
Solan Sindhur- Hybrid variety developed by crossing UHF-55 (Female) andUHF-40(Male) in 2007

47. Characteristic Features
Variety
Characteristic Features
Solan Gola
Indeterminate, fruit medium round, suitable for long transportation, fist harvesing after 75 days, average yield 375 q/ hac
Yashwant
Indeterminate, fruit flat with uniform ripening, resistant to Buckeye rot (5%), average yield 500 q/ hac
Solan Vajr
High yielding and disease resistant ,fruit wt. 70gm, ready in days, average yield q/ hac
Solan Sagun
Suitable for long transportation, average fruit wt. 65gm, resistant to Alternaria and Buckeye incidence , A/V yield 500 q/ hac
Solan Garima
Plant indeterminate, 3-4 fruits/ cluster, a/v fruit wt. 85 gm, round, long distance transportable, average yield 660 q/ hac
Solan Sindhur
Plant indeterminate, 3-4 fruits / cluster, a/v fruit wt. 60 gm, round, long distance transportable, average yield 650 q/ hac.
Package of practices, 2008

48. Future Prospects
Need to develop early blight, late blight, buck-eye rot and spotted wilt resistant varieties
The leaf curl resistant lines developed at Hisar need immediate attention to test at different locations and release for cultivation in leaf curl infested areas
The problem of environmental stresses required to be reduced by developing abiotic stress resistant varieties
Attempts should be made to undertake in vitro culture, molecular biology, and genetic transformation

49. THANK YOU