1. Ch. 14: A New Industrial Age

2. Section 1: The Expansion of Industry After Civil War, U.S. still mainly agricultural Becomes leading industrial power ◦Natural resources ◦Govt support for business ◦Growing urban population

3. 1859- Edwin L. Drake Started oil boom Immense amount of coal and iron 1883- Brooklyn Bridge

4. Inventions Thomas Alva Edison By 1890- electricity running machines 1867- typewriter 1876- Alexander Graham Bell ◦Telephone

5. Section 2: Age of Railroads Transcontinental railroad 1869- C.F. Dowd proposed 24 time zones across the earth Towns and cities grew along railroads Interstate Commerce Act- 1887

6. Economics Laissez-faire Adam Smith- Wealth of Nations Capitalism Socialism ◦Karl Marx- The Communist Manifesto

7. Section 3: Big Business and Labor Stock & Corporations Carnegie Steel Company ◦Andrew Carnegie ◦Better management practices Vertical integration ◦Bought out suppliers ◦To control raw materials/transportation needed Horizontal integration ◦Buy out competition

8. Social Darwinism Charles Darwin- On the Origin of Species (1859) ◦Natural selection Herbert Spencer applied this to human society Supported laissez-faire

9. Monopolies Standard Oil Company ◦John D. Rockefeller ◦trusts Robber barons

10. Sherman-Antitrust Act 1890- illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other countries

11. Labor Unions Exploitation and unsafe working conditions ◦Long hours, no vacation, sick leave, unemployment compensation, reimbursement for injuries ◦1882- 675 killed each week Joined unions to try to improve conditions 1866- National Labor Union (NLU) 1869- Knights of Labor(KoL) ◦arbitration

12. Labor Unions 1886- American Federation of Labor (AFL) ◦Collective bargaining ◦strikes 1905- Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

13. Strikes Great Railroad Strike (1877) Haymarket Affair (1886) ◦Turned public against labor movement Homestead Steel Strike (1892) Pullman Strike (1894) ◦blacklisting

14. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory NYC- March 25, 1911

15. Ch. 15: Immigration and Urbanization

16. Section 1: The New Immigrants

17. Europeans 1870-1920: 20 million Before 1890- western/northern Europe After 1890- Southern/eastern Europe Religious persecution, overpopulation, spirit of reform

18. Chinese and Japanese 1851-1883: 300,000 Chinese ◦California gold rush ◦Built railroads, farming, mining, domestic service, businesses 1884-1920: 200,000 Japanese ◦Work, higher wages

19. West Indies and Mexico 1880-1920: 260,000 from West Indies ◦Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico ◦jobs Early 1900s: 700,000 Mexicans ◦Jobs, escape political turmoil

20. The Journey By 1870s- all immigrants traveled by steamship ◦Atlantic- 1 week; Pacific- 3 weeks Had to be admitted to U.S. Pass inspection at immigration station

21. Ellis Island New York Harbor 1892-1924: Chief immigration station in U.S. 17 million came through Only 2% denied Took hours to be processed ◦Physical exam ◦Govt inspector

22. Angel Island San Francisco Bay 1910-1940: 50,000 Chinese passed through Worse conditions than Ellis Island

23. Ethnic Communities Sought people who were like them Americans saw as threat to American way of life

24. Restrictions Melting pot ◦Mixture of different backgrounds ◦Blend by abandoning native languages/customs Nativism ◦Favoritism toward native-born Americans ◦Demanded immigration restrictions

25. Restrictions “Right” immigrants ◦British, German, Scandinavian ◦Protestant “Wrong” immigrants ◦Slavic, Latin, Asian ◦Catholic, Jewish

26. Restrictions West- workers feared competition with Chinese ◦Depression of 1873 1882- Chinese Exclusion Act ◦Banned entry to all Chinese for 10 years ◦Not repealed until 1943

27. Gentlemen’s Agreement 1907-1908 Japan’s govt limited emigration of unskilled workers U.S. agreed to repeal segregation in San Francisco

28. Section 2: Challenges of Urbanization Urbanization mostly in NE and Midwest Most immigrants settle in cities Americanization movement Later 1800s- Farming became more efficient

29. Urban Problems Tenements Mass transit Water ◦Cholera, typhoid Sanitation

30. Reforms Social Gospel movement Settlement houses Jane Addams ◦1889- Hull House

31. Section 3: Politics in the Gilded Age Glittering exterior hid corruption and gap between rich and poor The Political Machine ◦The political boss Voter fraud Graft

32. The Tweed Ring Boss Tweed (William M. Tweed) 1868- Head of Tammany Hall ◦NYC’s Democratic political machine

33. Patronage and Civil Service Presidents Rutherford B. Hayes, James A. Garfield, and Chester A. Arthur 1883- Pendleton Civil Service Act ◦Bipartisan appointments based on merit

34. Ch. 16: Life at the Turn of the 20 th Century

35. Section 1: Science and Urban Life Skyscrapers Trolley cars Suspension bridges December 17, 1903- Kitty Hawk North Carolina ◦Orville and Wilbur Wright

36. Section 2: Expanding Public Education Late 1800s- laws requiring children 8-14 to attend school Expansion of kindergarten and high school Segregation

37. Section 3: Segregation and Discrimination Literacy tests Poll tax Jim Crow laws Plessy v. Ferguson

38. Section 4: The Dawn of Mass Culture Leisure Amusement parks, bicycling, theater, spectator sports

39. Mass Culture Spread of newspapers, magazines, books Mark Twain Department stores Modern advertising