1. Lecture 10 – Polymorphism Nancy Harris with additional slides Professor Adams from Lewis & Bernstein

2. Inheritance - Preventing a Method from Being Overridden  The final modifier will prevent the overriding of a superclass method in a subclass. public final void message()  If a subclass attempts to override a final method, the compiler generates an error.  This ensures that a particular superclass method is used by subclasses rather than a modified version of it.

3. Protected Members  Using protected instead of private makes some tasks easier.  However, any class that is derived from the class, or is in the same package, has unrestricted access to the protected member.  It is always better to make all fields private and then provide public methods for accessing those fields.  If no access specifier for a class member is provided, the class member is given package access by default.  Any method in the same package may access the member.

4. Polymorphism  from the Greek  poly = many  morph = forms

5. We have seen polymorphism  Think clocks.  You can create a Clock or an AlarmClock.  You can create a Clock and instantiate an AlarmClock.  The method used (like the updateTime method) will be based on the object type.  But the object declaration determines which methods are available to us.  See examplesexamples

6. Polymorphism  A reference can be polymorphic, which can be defined as "having many forms" obj.doIt();  This line of code might execute different methods at different times if the object that obj points to changes

7. Polymorphism  Polymorphic references are resolved at run time; this is called dynamic binding  Careful use of polymorphic references can lead to elegant, robust software designs  Polymorphism can be accomplished using inheritance or using interfaces(to be discussed later)

8. 8 References and Inheritance  An object reference can refer to an object of its class, or to an object of any class related to it by inheritance  For example, if the Holiday class is used to derive a child class called Christmas, then a Holiday reference could be used to point to a Christmas object Holiday day; day = new Christmas(); Holiday Christmas

9. 9 References and Inheritance  An Object reference can be used to refer to any object  An ArrayList is designed to hold Object references  See API for ArrayList

10. Polymorphism via Inheritance  It is the type of the object being referenced, not the reference type, that determines which method is invoked  Suppose the Holiday class has a method called celebrate, and the Christmas class overrides it  Now consider the following invocation: day.celebrate();  If day refers to a Holiday object, it invokes the Holiday version of celebrate ; if it refers to a Christmas object, it invokes the Christmas version

11. Polymorphism via Inheritance  Consider the following class hierarchy: StaffMember ExecutiveHourly VolunteerEmployee See page 485 for the full UML diagram

12. Polymorphism via Inheritance  Now consider the task of paying all employees  See Firm.java Firm.java  See Staff.java Staff.java  See StaffMember.java StaffMember.java  See Volunteer.java Volunteer.java  See Employee.java Employee.java  See Executive.java Executive.java  See Hourly.java Hourly.java

13. Polymorphism in another view StaffMember you Volunteer StaffMember me Executive

14. Object Class  The Granddaddy of all classes.  We override the toString and equals methods commonly in creating our own classes.  Question – Is it possible for us to write code that will do something different based on the class of the object instead of the class in which the variable is declared. Like, can we prevent the run time errors we saw in the Executive vs Hourly classes.

15. Class class  Object class has a getClass method that returns the Class of the object.  The Class class has a getName method which returns a String equivalent to the name of the Class.  Using these two, we could write code that will do one thing for one class of object and another for a different class of object.

16. Meanings of Polymorphism  In this course:  At run-time, a variable may "take the form of" any of its descendants.  Related Concepts: Dynamic binding

17. Polymorphism in Java  Class Membership  The compiler uses the declared class  At run-time an object knows its actual class  Search Order:  Think of a method call as being a “message” to the object.  The message may contain parameters or it may not.  The message is always asking the object to do something.  If a "message" is sent to an object of the derived class then the derived class is searched (for the existence of such a method) first and the base class is searched second. (Note: The search will move up the class hierarchy until found.)  If the "message" is sent to an object of the base class then only the base class is searched.  At compile time we know which messages are valid; at run time we use the particular version of the message that corresponds to the object reacting to the message.

18. Taking it a step further  Abstract classes – templates for class families

19. Rules for Abstract Classes  An abstract class cannot be instantiated  A class that can have instances is said to be concrete  An abstract class provides a prototype for other classes to follow

20. Subclasses of an Abstract Class  will inherit the variables and methods of the abstract class  will have the same basic characteristics  are free to redefine variables and methods and add new ones  must override any abstract methods of its parent (unless it itself is abstract).

21. Abstract Classes  generally contain at least one abstract method  are any classes containing at least one abstract method  can contain non-abstract methods  If there is an abstract method, then the class must be declared as abstract, but…  If a class is declared as abstract it may or may not have non-abstract or abstract methods.

22. Abstract Methods  have the word abstract in their declaration  do not have a body  end their declarations with a semi-colon  must be overridden in concrete children  are generally methods whose bodies will change from one subclass to another

23. Standard UML Notation  +public  -private  #protected  {abstract} (name is italicized)  top compartment – class name  middle compartment – class attributes  name : type  bottom compartment – class methods  name (parameterList types) : return type

24. Abstract Classes  The child of an abstract class must override the abstract methods of the parent, or it too will be considered abstract  An abstract method cannot be defined as final (because it must be overridden) or static (because it has no definition yet)  The use of abstract classes is a design decision – it helps us establish common elements in a class that is too general to instantiate

25. Let’s look again at the StaffMember class  What will happen if:  We remove the word abstract in the class header?  We change the abstract method to a non-abstract method?  We try to instantiate a StaffMember object?  We decide not to “pay” Volunteers?  We create a new class from the StaffMember object which is an abstract class also?

26. Another example  Shapes - n11/DesigningClasses.pdfn11/DesigningClasses.pdf  What should the hierarchy look like?  Which classes should be abstract?  Which concrete?  What services should be required (made abstract)?  n11/ShapeUML.pdf n11/ShapeUML.pdf

27. Finished product  Shape.java Shape.java  TwoDimensionalShape.java TwoDimensionalShape.java  ThreeDimensionalShape.java ThreeDimensionalShape.java  Sphere.java Sphere.java  Rectangle.java Rectangle.java