1. A2 Economics PowerPoint Briefings 2009 Enlargement and European Order Muhammad Yusra International Relations Dept. Universitas Andalas-2011

2. tutor2u ™ Background on EU After World War II, leaders in western Europe were anxious to secure long-term peace; stability on the European continent; create a favorable environment for economic growth and recovery.

3. tutor2u ™ In 1952, six states — Belgium, theFederal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands — established the European Coal and Steel Community, a single market in these two industrial sectors that was controlled by an independent supranational authority.

4. tutor2u ™ In 1957, the Treaty of Rome established the European Economic Community; extending the common market to all economic sectors, and; the European Atomic Energy Community to ensure the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. In 1967, these three formations collectively became known as the European Community (EC).

5. tutor2u ™ The EC first added new members in 1973, with the entry of the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Denmark. Greece joined in 1981, followed by Spain and Portugal in 1986. On November 1, 1993, the Treaty on European Union (Maastricht Treaty) went into effect, establishing the European Union (EU), which encompasses the EC.

6. tutor2u ™ Three Pillars an expanded and strengthened EC; a common foreign and security policy; and common internal security measures.

7. tutor2u ™ ENLARGEMENT

8. tutor2u ™ Principal Means Shaping the post-Cold War European order (repairing the Cold War split of Europe) to spread prosperity; Democracy; and Security to the former communist countries of Central; Eastern;and South-estern Europe

9. tutor2u ™ Rationale Under Article 49 of the Treaty on the European Union, any European country may apply for membership if it meets a set of established political and economic criteria. In addition, the EU must be able to absorb new members, so the EU can decide when it is ready to accept a new member. Accession talks begin with a screening process to see to what extent applicants meet the EU’s 80,000 pages of rules and regulations known as the acquis communautaire.

10. tutor2u ™ THE CRITERIA The criteria for EU membership require candidates to achieve : stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy; the rule of law; human rights and respect for and protection of minorities; a functioning market economy, as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union; the ability to take on the obligations of membership, including adherence to the aims of political, economic and monetary union. Conclusions of the European Council, Copenhagen, Denmark, June 1993.

11. tutor2u ™ 1.Europeanness: The applicant country has to be a member of the European family of states. 2.Political criteria: The political system must be characterized by democracy and the rule of law, respect of human rights, and protection of minorities. 3.Economic criteria: The country must have a strong market economy that encompasses the free movement of goods, capital, services, and people. 4.Other obligations a.The aims of political, economic, and monetary union. b.Adoption of the acquis communautaire, the rights and obligations derived from EU treaties, laws, and regulations over the years

12. tutor2u ™ Six Main Waves of EU Enlargement 1.1973 (UK, Ireland and Denmark) 2.1981 (Greece) 3.1986 (Portugal and Spain) 4.1995 (Austria, Finland and Sweden) 5.2004 (Ten new countries) 6.2007 (Bulgaria and Romania)

13. tutor2u ™ Enlargement Fatigue The objective of joining the EU has helped the Central and East European countries to move from post-Communist upheaval to market economics and pluralist democracies in little more than a decade. Ten countries successfully joined the EU in May 2004, and Bulgaria and Romania followed in January 2007. However, the Union is showing signs of 'enlargement fatigue'. Many politicians worry that an ever larger Union will function badly, and that further widening will come at the expense of deepening. West European workers fear the economic consequences of adding 50 million low-cost workers to the EU single market. Future accession would be very difficult unless public and political support for enlargement revives.”

14. tutor2u ™ EU Membership Distribution in Jan 2004 EU MEMBERSHIP (April 2004) RICH POOR LARGE UK SPAIN FRANCE ITALY GERMANY SMALL BELGIUM PORTUGAL LUXEMBOURG GREECE NETHERLANDS IRELAND DENMARK SWEDEN AUSTRIA FINLAND

15. tutor2u ™ EU Membership in January 2009 EU MEMBERSHIP JANUARY 2009 RICH POOR LARGE UK SPAIN FRANCE POLAND ITALY GERMANY SMALL BELGIUM PORTUGAL LUXEMBOURG GREECE NETHERLANDS ESTONIAROMANIA IRELAND HUNGARYBULGARIA DENMARK CZECH REPUBLIC SWEDEN SLOVAKIA AUSTRIA SLOVENIA FINLAND CYPRUS MALTA LITHUANIA LATVIA

16. tutor2u ™ The Map of an Enlarged Europe

17. tutor2u ™ Conclusion EU has reached its limits of enlergement Enlargement Fatigue It marks the limit of regionalism capacity.

18. tutor2u ™ Further reading Birol A Yesilada, 2007, “ Some expected and some not expected Benefits of Turkey’s EU Membership for Both Parties”. Hill, Christopher and, Smith Michael, 2005. “ International Relations and the European Union”, Oxford University Press.