1. Dr. Va’ezi 1

2.  Chapter 4  Starting, carrying on and ending.  The opening  Getting attention  Signposting all the way  The longer speech  The closing stage Overview 2

3.  Significance of opening:  Opening is a vital point and few speakers are successful on it.  your experience and audience guide you to a specific tactic.  First sentences are the best remembered parts of talk. The Opening 72-74 3

4.  Start In an unexpected way.  e.g. surprising, and exciting,  Start with questions:  About your CV and ID.  Who invited you  Your authenticity and certification  Your research and experience The Opening 72-74 4

5.  Answering questions will make their memories available to you.  Within first few minutes answer the questions.  Reinforce chairperson or compensate missing details.  Avoid of lingering doubt. The Opening 72-74 5

6.  After answering,  Establish a relationship with your audience.  Gain their confidence to get attention.  Asking question could be useful to get attention.  Can you hear me back?  Don’t lunch into a autobiography.  Having a draft of your question is beneficial. The Opening 72-74 6

7.  Ways of starting the talk and getting attention:  Put a question in the audiences’ minds.  Using photograph  Show a problem  Usually speakers forget about the conceptual pattern.  The aim is to be sure the listeners realize what the purpose of the talk is. Getting attention 74-77 7

8.  Rhetorical questions raise the level of attention.  Prepare the audience for the talk.  The English psychologist David Bruce tries an experiment and proves the necessity of preparation. Getting attention 74-77 8

9.  Fact is that we hear what we expect to hear.  The writer mentioned another experiment in the case of misleading people in what they see. Getting attention 74-77 9

10.  Meaning of signpost.  In an intellectual journey people become mentally disoriented by new information.  They need map in their mind.  You do it by announcing the topic, giving a heading or listing keywords every time you start a new section. Signposting all the way 77-79 10

11.  Every section should start with sentences of definition that followed by explanation, examples and clarification.  Summarize in a sentence or two, each time you change topic.  Do not forget cumulative summaries. Signposting all the way 77-79 11

12.  Prior to lunch into body give them an overview.  Whatever you will do on your writing you should do it in your speaking.  Interconnection and following facts by examples should not be forgotten.  Making your audience aware of the difficulty of the issue is vital, otherwise they will think that you are a bad explainer. Signposting all the way 77-79 12

13.  A long range of uninterrupted attention is important in a longer presentation.  Help them find their way through the maze.  Memory like muscles become tired but recovers quickly. The longer speech 79-81 13

14.  It’s essential to have break. This is proved by experiment.  Maximum break is ten minutes. The longer speech 79-81 14

15.  Ending is more than half the battle.  Restate the main heading or titles of the talk.  For the last thing to say, try to find a witty or good phrase. The closing stage 81-82 15

16.  End your talk as strongly as possible.  Never end weakly with:  What I intended to say was....  I think that all I have to say  Shall I go on?  What I should have said if I’d had time was....  Do not forget about conclusion sentences. The closing stage 81-82 16

17.  The opening:  Start unexpectedly, answer the question in the audiences’ mind.  Getting attention  Rhetorical questions, conceptual pattern, they hear what they expect.  Signposting all the way  Give them an overview, repeat the keyword and title of the talk.  The longer speech  Give them break time.  The closing stage  End firmly with conclusion. Summary of the Talk 17

18.  Thank you for listening  Seyed Mustafa Mirfendereski