1. Cells and Heredity Study Guide

2. In multicellular organisms, mitosis is used for growth and repair. Meiosis is the process that is used to create sex cells. Mitosis is the process of one cell splitting into two daughter cells. Sex cells have half the usual number of chromosomes. Sex cells with half the usual number of chromosomes are called haploids.

3. Meiosis is the process of one cell splitting into four daughter cells. Unicellular organism use mitosis for the purpose of reproduction. Mitosis, also known as binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction. Meiosis forms sex cells so that sexual reproduction can occur.

4. The diagram shown to the right is called a Punnett Square. The letters on the top and side represent parent alleles. The letters on the inside of the boxes represent possible offspring genotypes.

5. Aa A A AA Aa AAAa What percent show the dominant trait? 100% Complete the square.

6. RR r r Rr Complete the square. What percent show the recessive trait? 0%

7. Ff F f Ff FF ff What fraction show the recessive trait? 1/4 Complete the square.

8. Tt t tttTt tt What percent show the dominant trait? 50% Complete the square.

9. Most single cell organisms reproduce asexually. Which of the following are ways that organisms reproduce asexually: A.Binary Fission (yes) B.Nuclear Fusion (no) C.Budding (yes) D.Rooting (no) E.Spores(yes) F.Vegetative Reproduction (yes) G.Cloning (no)

10. Sexual reproduction requires two parents while asexual reproduction requires only one. (T/F) True In meiosis, females produce sex cells called eggs. In meiosis, males produce sex cells called sperm. When sperm and eggs are joined together, the process is called fertilization. When an egg is fertilized by a sperm the new cell is called a zygote.

11. Which form of reproduction is quicker? (asexual) Which increases the chance of survival in a changing environment? (sexual) Which produces genetic variation or change? (sexual) Which doesn’t need a partner? (asexual ) Which requires more complex structures? (sexual)

12. Offspring of asexual reproduction are identical to their parent? Specialized reproductive structures called spores can survive harsh conditions. Which of the following are examples of vegetative reproduction? A.Runners (yes) B.Spores (no) C.Tubers (yes) D.Plantlets (yes) E.Moonlets (no) F.Cloning (no)

13. Passing genetic material from parents to offspring is called heredity. Gregor Mendel Studied the pea plant. A true-breeding white rose produces white roses all the time. A segment of DNA that gives instructions for a specific characteristic is called a gene.

14. All offspring may inherit two different versions of a gene, one from each parent. These different versions are called alleles. Alleles are alternate forms of the same gene. (T/F) True Recessive and Dominate alleles are shown as capital and lowercase letters. Dominate gets the capital letter?

15. An organism that has two dominate genes is homozygous? An organism that has two recessive genes is homozygous? An organism that has one dominate and one recessive gene is heterozygous?

16. In this picture, h and H are alleles from the same gene? Yes In this picture, h and H are heterozygous alleles? Yes In this picture, d and d are heterozygous alleles? No Which gene pairs are homozygous? BB, dd, FF. How many allele pairs are in this picture? 7

17. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes. Mendel discovered that some that some traits seem to fade away or are hidden. These are called a recessive trait. The gene for dimples is a dominant trait. If you have dimples, must you have two alleles that both would produce dimples? No If you have dimples, could you have just one allele that would produce dimples? Yes

18. The combination of alleles you inherit from your parents is called your genotype. The observable traits that you inherit from your parents is called your phenotype The pairs of alphabet letters, capital and lowercase, are the code for your genotype. Some characteristics such as hair color, can be the results of several genes working together. (T/F) True

19. Can a single gene influence several traits? Yes Some animals have different coloring in the winter and summer. These changes in the phenotype can be affected by the environment. Yes Knowing how to ride a bike is an example of an acquired trait. The dominant gene shows up in the phenotype. (T/F) True You can’t always tell if a person is carrying a recessive gene. (T/F) True

20. For the starfish (star) at the right, if yellow is the dominant allele, what color would the offspring be? Assume that this is the normal, complete dominant behavior. Yellow For the starfish at the right, if yellow is the dominant allele, what color would the offspring be? Assume that this is the rare, incomplete dominant behavior. Orange For the starfish at the right, if yellow is the dominant allele, what color might the offspring be ? Assume that this is the rare, codominant behavior. Yellow and red but striped or spotted.

21. Petal Ovary Ovule Eggs Pollen nucleus Sepal Pollen tube Pistil Filamen Stigma Stamen Style Anther