1. Muscles

2. Muscles Skeletal muscles are attached to the bone of the skeleton. They are called voluntary muscle because they contain nerves under voluntary control. They are called voluntary muscle because they contain nerves under voluntary control. There is a bundles of muscle cells or muscle fibers. There is a bundles of muscle cells or muscle fibers.

3. Muscles Skeletal muscle Provides movement to limbs Provides movement to limbs They contract quick They contract quick They fatigue easily They fatigue easily Cannot remain contracted for long periods of time Cannot remain contracted for long periods of time Examples Examples

4. Muscles Smooth muscle is not attached to bone and is an involuntary muscle. -they act slowly -do not tire easily -remain contracted for long periods of time. -Examples

5. Muscles Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart. It is involuntary muscle. -it requires continuous oxygen or it will die -all the fibers of the heart contract together as a unit.

6. Muscles Characteristics of Muscles: Contractibility-ability to shorten or reduce the distance between the parts Excitability-ability to respond to stimuli Extensibility-ability to be stretched Elasticity-ability to return to normal

7. Muscles -There are 650 muscles in the body. -To move a body part a muscle must be attached to a bone so that it can pull, they never push. -Muscles are attached by tendons which are attached to bones

8. Muscles The Origin of a muscle is attached to a fixed structure, it moves least during muscle contraction. Usually more proximal. The Insertion is the other end, attached to a movable part, moves during contraction. The Belly is the central body of the muscle.

9. Muscles Muscles are in pairs, agonist and antagonist. When one is working the other is helping to stabilize, but it is not working. Example: Biceps and Triceps

10. Muscles For muscles to contract they need energy. ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) is the energy it uses. As ATP is used up Lactic Acid is a byproduct of the breakdown.

11. Muscles Skeletal muscle must be stimulated to contract.

12. Muscles Muscle Fatigue is caused by a build up of Lactic Acid Muscle Fatigue is caused by a build up of Lactic Acid Vigorous activity causes the blood to not transport enough oxygen and lactic acid to build up. Vigorous activity causes the blood to not transport enough oxygen and lactic acid to build up. Muscle fatigue and cramps may be a result of lactic acid build up Muscle fatigue and cramps may be a result of lactic acid build up

13. Muscles Muscle tone-the state of partial contraction in which muscles are maintained. Isometric vs. Isotonic VS

14. Muscles Atrophy-decreased tone Hypertrophy-enlarged tone Can we increase the # of muscle fibers we have?

15. Muscles Muscle Atrophy-wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from disease or lack of use. Causes: disuse or sedentary life Or injury in athletic population

16. Muscles Muscle Hypertrophy-increase in the mass/size of muscle Muscle Hypertrophy-increase in the mass/size of muscle Causes: exercise, stimulus that is sufficient to cause overcompensation in the muscle

17. Muscles Injuries to Internal Soft tissue: 1. Strains2. Tendonitis 3. Bursitis 4. Contusions 5. Sprains Muscles repair by forming scar tissue which is tight and inelastic, this makes them prone to reinjury

18. Muscles Acute injuries are those resulting from a direct blow or single incident overstressing. Acute injuries are those resulting from a direct blow or single incident overstressing. Chronic injuries are a result of overuse, prolonged repetitive use. Chronic injuries are a result of overuse, prolonged repetitive use.

19. Muscles Strain-injury to MUSCLE caused by twisting or pulling of a muscle or tendon.

20. Muscles Strain Signs and Symptoms (Sx) Muscle spasm, pain and weakness Muscle spasm, pain and weakness Localized swelling, Localized swelling, cramps and inflammation Loss of muscle function Loss of muscle function

21. Muscles StrainTreatment Stage 1-reduce pain and swelling 24-48 hours do RICE Stage 2-Rehabilitation with the goal of improving the condition and injured part and restoring it to full function.

22. Muscles Strain- Rehabilitation Goals- Reduce swelling, prevent Reduce swelling, prevent stiffness and restore normal ROM stiffness and restore normal ROM Increase strength and flexibility Increase strength and flexibility Full daily activity Full daily activity including sport including sport

23. Muscles The things a person can do to reduce the risk of a sprain are numerous. Some are realistic and some not so much.

24. Muscles Sprains-an injury resulting from a fall, sudden twist, or blow to the body that forces a joint out of its normal position. A sprain is an overstretching or tearing of the ligament supporting the joint.

25. Muscles Sprain Signs and Sx -pain, swelling, bruising and loss of the ability to move the joint. -feel a pop or tear

26. Muscles Sprain Grading the injury Grade 1-mild, sprain causes overstretching or slight tear, but little or no joint instability. -bruising is absent or slight -able to bear weight, usually no x-ray is necessary

27. Muscles Sprain Grading the injury Grade 2- Moderate, sprain causes partial tearing of the ligament -difficulty bearing weight -experiences loss of function -moderate pain, swelling and bruising

28. Muscles Sprain Grading the injury Grade 3-severe sprain completely tear or rupture the ligament. -cannot bear weight -swelling, pain, bruising is severe -x-ray often taken to rule out Fx

29. Muscles Tendonitis-an inflammation of the tendon When a muscle contracts it pulls on a bone to cause movement, the tendon transmits the force from muscle to When a muscle contracts it pulls on a bone to cause movement, the tendon transmits the force from muscle tobone.

30. Muscles The smooth gliding of the tendon can become impaired and cause tendonitis.

31. Muscles Tendonitis Signs and Sx -pain and inflammation along a tendon, usually near a joint. -worse with movement and at night -progressively gets worse with repeated overuse and movement aggravate the condition.

32. Muscles Tendonitis-Treatment Avoid the aggravating activity to let inflammation subside. Avoid the aggravating activity to let inflammation subside. Anti-inflammatories, icing tendon, ultrasound, stretching and cross friction massage. Anti-inflammatories, icing tendon, ultrasound, stretching and cross friction massage. In future slowly increase intensity and type of exercise In future slowly increase intensity and type of exercise

33. Muscles Bursitis-inflammation of a bursa Bursa-fluid filled sack whose job it is to decrease friction between two surfaces. -result from a repetitive movement or prolonged pressure. Can result from a direct blow

34. Muscles Bursitis- Signs and Sx -similar to tendonitis, pain with movement, pain worse at night, aggravated by repetition and overuse. -can have inflammation to a greater degree than tendonitis

35. Muscles Bursitis-Treatment Avoid activity causing irritation, and anti-inflammatories Avoid activity causing irritation, and anti-inflammatories May need to be drained May need to be drained Increase muscles in joint, avoid repetition, cushion joint and take frequent rests to avoid reoccurrence of bursitis. Increase muscles in joint, avoid repetition, cushion joint and take frequent rests to avoid reoccurrence of bursitis.

36. Muscles Bursitis-Treatment Avoid activity causing irritation, and anti-inflammatories Avoid activity causing irritation, and anti-inflammatories May need to be drained May need to be drained Increase muscles in joint, avoid repetition, cushion joint and take frequent rests to avoid reoccurrence of bursitis. Increase muscles in joint, avoid repetition, cushion joint and take frequent rests to avoid reoccurrence of bursitis.

37. Muscles Myositis ossificans- calcification that forms within muscle. Return to play with full ROM, pad

38. Muscles Contusion-direct blow or blunt injury that does not break skin. Ecchymosis-bruise, blood collects in skin. Treatment- ice ice Massage Massage stretch stretch