1. Europe and Russia: Shaped by History
World Geography

2. Section 1: From Ancient Greece to the Middle Ages
Section 2: Renaissance and the Age of Revolution
Section 3: Industrial Revolution and Nationalism
Section 4: Imperial Russia to the Soviet Union
Section 5: The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union

3. From Ancient Greece to Feudal Europe1
From Ancient Greece to Feudal Europe
What were the main accomplishments of the ancient Greeks and Romans?
What was the impact of Christianity and feudalism on life during the Middle Ages?

4. 1
The Greek Heritage
The Athenians and other ancient Greeks were Europe’s first great philosophers, historians, poets, and writers.
They invented today’s scientific way of gathering knowledge.
They also invented ideas like democracy.

5. 1
The Greek Heritage
In ancient times, there were over a hundred city-states in Greece, which gave Greeks a chance to try different types of government.
Many of their city-states were democracies.
The most famous Greek city-state was Athens.
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6. 1
The Greek Heritage
In Athens, every male citizen voted on laws and government policies.
The Greek idea that citizens should have a voice in their own government had a strong impact on people in later times.

7. 1
The Greek Heritage
Alexander the Great helped spread Greek ideas when he conquered an empire.
He established Greek cities, the Greek language, and Greek theories.
The Romans then borrowed some of these ideas from the Greeks.

8. The Glory of Ancient Rome1
The Glory of Ancient Rome
The Romans began building their empire soon after the death of Alexander the Great.
Augustus, the first emperor of Rome, took command in 27 B.C.
This began the Pax Romana, a time when Rome was the most powerful state in Europe and the Mediterranean.

9. The Glory of Ancient Rome1
The Glory of Ancient Rome
The Roman system of roads was one of the most outstanding transportation networks ever built.
The Romans also built aqueducts that are still used today.

10. The Glory of Ancient Rome1
The Glory of Ancient Rome
One of Rome’s greatest gifts to the world was a system of laws.
They wrote their laws down.
Today, the legal system of almost every European country reflects the organization of ancient Roman law.

11. The Glory of Ancient Rome1
The Glory of Ancient Rome
The weakening of the Roman Empire in Western Europe led to a time of uncertainty.
Hundreds of years of warfare followed the Pax Romana.

12. Europe in the Middle Ages1
Europe in the Middle Ages
Christianity arose from the life and teaching of Jesus Christ.
After Jesus’ death, his followers began spreading his teachings and taught that he was the Son of God.
The Roman emperor Constantine became a Christian, and Christianity quickly spread throughout Rome.

13. Europe in the Middle Ages1
Europe in the Middle Ages
Feudal Society
Feudalism was also an important part of people’s lives.
Lords ruled the local areas and swore oaths of loyalty to a king.
The king allowed the lord to own a manor.
The lord controlled the land and protected the serfs.

14. From Ancient Greece to Feudal Europe–Assessment1
From Ancient Greece to Feudal Europe–Assessment
What is one of Greece’s major contributions to Europe?
a) A system of laws
b) Democracy
c) The Pax Romana
d) A system of roads
Who helped spread Christianity throughout Rome?
a) Alexander the Great
b) The lords who owned manors
c) Constantine
d) Augustus

15. From Ancient Greece to Feudal Europe–Assessment1
From Ancient Greece to Feudal Europe–Assessment
What is one of Greece’s major contributions to Europe?
a) A system of laws
b) Democracy
c) The Pax Romana
d) A system of roads
Who helped spread Christianity throughout Rome?
a) Alexander the Great
b) The lords who owned manors
c) Constantine
d) Augustus

16. Renaissance and Revolution2
Renaissance and Revolution
Why did Europeans begin to look outward to other continents?
How did the Age of Revolution change science and government?

17. Glories of the Renaissance2
Glories of the Renaissance
The Renaissance reached its peak in the 1500s.
Renaissance artists and scholars rediscovered the ancient world.
People learned about its poetry, plays, ideas, buildings, and sculptures.

18. Glories of the Renaissance2
Glories of the Renaissance
The people changed because of what they learned.
They began writing new poetry and building new buildings filled with breathtaking paintings.
They began to focus on improving the world rather than hoping for a better life after death.

19. Glories of the Renaissance2
Glories of the Renaissance
Humanism affected every part of the Renaissance.
For instance, in the early Middle Ages, statues had been carved as stiff symbols.
But during the Renaissance period, statues carved by artists like Michelangelo were lifelike.

20. More Trade, Stronger Rules2
More Trade, Stronger Rules
In the Renaissance, people began traveling outside of Europe more often.
Europeans traveled to the Americas in search of wealth.
Precious minerals and trade goods poured into Europe.
Most of the wealth went to monarchs.
Some of the wealth went to traders and merchants—the middle class.
Feudalism declined because the middle class paid taxes to the monarchs.
Therefore, the monarchs did not need the support of the feudal lords.

21. More Trade, Stronger Rules2
More Trade, Stronger Rules
From 1643 to 1715, Louis XIV was the king of France.
He was an absolute monarch and one of Europe’s most powerful kings.
Louis exercised complete power over the people of France, and he wanted to make France a strong nation.

22. More Trade, Stronger Rules2
More Trade, Stronger Rules
Other European monarchs also wanted to make their countries strong.
Over time, the monarchs did make their countries stronger and more unified.
However, the subjects began to wonder what their governments should be and do for them.

23. Revolutions in Government and Science2
Revolutions in Government and Science
Revolutions in Government
People began to question their governments.
They wondered if kings should have all of the power.
The idea that the people, not the monarch, should decide what type of government is best for them spread to North America.

24. Revolutions in Government and Science2
Revolutions in Government and Science
Revolutions in Government
In 1776, the colonies rebelled against the British and formed the independent nation of the United States.

25. Revolutions in Government and Science2
Revolutions in Government and Science
Revolutions in Government
The French people also overthrew their monarchy.

26. Revolutions in Government and Science2
Revolutions in Government and Science
Revolutions in Science
During the Age of Reason, scientists began to watch what really happened in the world and base their theories on fact, not their religious beliefs.
This period is called the Scientific Revolution.
The Scientific Revolution required new procedures– the scientific method.
With this method, ideas are tested with experiments and observations.
Scientists made dramatic advances using the scientific method.

27. Renaissance and Revolution–Assessment2
Renaissance and Revolution–Assessment
What is an absolute monarch?
a) A ruler who likes to listen to Parliament
b) A ruler who rules in the best interest of the middle class
c) A ruler who rules with all of the people in mind
d) A ruler who has complete control over his subjects
Which of the following did not happen during the Renaissance?
a) A humanistic approach to knowledge
b) More travel outside of Europe
c) The Pax Romana
d) The Scientific Revolution

28. Renaissance and Revolution–Assessment2
Renaissance and Revolution–Assessment
What is an absolute monarch?
a) A ruler who likes to listen to Parliament
b) A ruler who rules in the best interest of the middle class
c) A ruler who rules with all of the people in mind
d) A ruler who has complete control over his subjects
Which of the following did not happen during the Renaissance?
a) A humanistic approach to knowledge
b) More travel outside of Europe
c) The Pax Romana
d) The Scientific Revolution

29. Industrial Revolution and Nationalism3
Industrial Revolution and Nationalism
How did the Industrial Revolution change life in Europe?
How did nationalism change Europe?

30. The Industrial Revolution3
The Industrial Revolution
Changes in Production
The first machines sped up the spinning of thread and the weaving of textiles. The next machines made goods quickly and cheaply
Changes in Society
Families moved to industrial centers to work. Cities grew and rapidly became cramped and dirty. Diseases spread and factory conditions were unsafe.
Changes in Government
Many European nations became democratic and gave people a voice in government. European governments were aggressive abroad, which lead to imperialism

31. A Century of War and Nationalism3
A Century of War and Nationalism
Nationalism can be destructive.
It can make one nation harm another to get ahead, and it can prevent nations from working together.
Between 1900 and 1950, nationalism was partially responsible for causing two world wars.

32. A Century of War and Nationalism3
A Century of War and Nationalism
In the early 1900s, European nations made alliances because they were afraid that other countries would invade them.
Europe was divided into two alliances.
On one side were Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey.
On the other side were Great Britain, France, and Russia.
In both World War I and World War II fighting between the alliances broke out and resulted in the deaths of millions of people.

33. A Century of War and Nationalism3
A Century of War and Nationalism
European nations began working together after the destruction of both wars.
They became trading partners, and a positive European partnership began.

34. Industrial Revolution and Nationalism–Assessment3
Industrial Revolution and Nationalism–Assessment
What was one way in which society changed during the Industrial Revolution?
a) Families moved to the country
b) The population in cities decreased
c) Diseases spread
d) Nations became monarchies
What is an alliance?
a) An agreement between people or nations
b) A cloth
c) The feeling of great pride in one’s country
d) A type of government

35. Industrial Revolution and Nationalism–Assessment3
Industrial Revolution and Nationalism–Assessment
What was one way in which society changed during the Industrial Revolution?
a) Families moved to the country
b) The population in cities decreased
c) Diseases spread
d) Nations became monarchies
What is an alliance?
a) An agreement between people or nations
b) A cloth
c) The feeling of great pride in one’s country
d) A type of government

36. Imperial Russia How did Russia develop into a huge empire by 1900?4
Imperial Russia
How did Russia develop into a huge empire by 1900?
How did the serfs’ living conditions lead to opposition to the czars?

37. Building a Huge Empire 4
Russian Expansion,

38. 4
Building a Vast Empire
Russia began as a small country called Muscovy, or Moscow.
In the early 1100s, Kiev was the most important city in the region and home to the monarchy.

39. 4
Building a Vast Empire
In 1238, the Golden Horde, Mongol warriors, swept into the region from Asia and conquered Kiev in 1240.
The whole territory became part of the Mongol empire.
The Golden Horde, which dominated Russia for 250 years, wanted to collect heavy taxes and force Russians to serve in the Mongol army.

41. The Rise of Moscow and the Czars4
The Rise of Moscow and the Czars
During the 1330s, the Mongols selected Ivan of Muscovy to be grand prince.
Ivan collected taxes for the Mongols, and they let him keep some of the money.
Ivan began to buy land and expand the size of Muscovy.

42. The Rise of Moscow and the Czars4
The Rise of Moscow and the Czars
The Mongol empire began to fall apart as Muscovy grew stronger.
In 1480, Ivan III challenged Mongol control by refusing to pay taxes.
The Golden Horde was too weak to take back control of Russia.

43. The Rise of Moscow and the Czars4
The Rise of Moscow and the Czars
As Muscovy became more powerful and spread its control over Russia, its grand prince became known as a czar.
The first czar, Ivan IV, was crowned in 1547.
He was known as Ivan the Terrible.
He was cruel, but he increased Russia’s size by conquering Mongol lands.
In 1613, Michael Romanov became czar.
In 1689, Peter the Great came to power and started bringing western ideas and culture to Russia.
He also enlarged Russia further.

44. 4
The Fall of the Czars
Russia was becoming more powerful, but the lives of the serfs had not improved.
Tensions began to rise between the two dividing groups of Russia: the very rich and the very poor.

45. The Fall of the Czars In 1855, Alexander II came to the throne.4
The Fall of the Czars
In 1855, Alexander II came to the throne.
He wanted Russia to be more like Western European countries.
He believed one way to do this would be for the czars and the wealthy to give up some of their land.
In 1861, Alexander freed the serfs and gave them their own land.
Towns were also given more control over their affairs.

46. 4
The Fall of the Czars
Alexander III, Alexander’s son, undid many of his father’s reforms, and the country came under harsh rule.
In 1894, Nicholas II became the last czar.
On January 22, 1905, thousands of workers in St. Petersburg marched on the Winter Palace and asked for the czar for reforms.
Bloody Sunday ensued, and Czar Nicholas was forced to establish the Duma, a kind of congress.

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48. Imperial Russia–Assessment4
Imperial Russia–Assessment
Who conquered Kiev in 1240?
a) Muscovy
b) The Golden Horde
c) Ivan of Muscovy
d) Peter the Great
Under Alexander II,
a) a great prince was selected.
b) the Golden Horde was challenged.
c) the Duma was established.
d) serfs were freed and given their own lands.

49. Imperial Russia–Assessment4
Imperial Russia–Assessment
Who conquered Kiev in 1240?
a) Muscovy
b) The Golden Horde
c) Ivan of Muscovy
d) Peter the Great
Under Alexander II,
a) a great prince was selected.
b) the Golden Horde was challenged.
c) the Duma was established.
d) serfs were freed and given their own lands.

50. The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union5
The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union
What is communism and why did it fall in the Soviet Union?
What happened in the Soviet Union under Lenin and Stalin?

51. The Russian Revolution5
The Russian Revolution
In 1914, Russia entered World War I and fought the Germans.
Millions of Russian soldiers died, and people at home suffered food and fuel shortages.
By 1917, the Russian people began rioting.
A weak government took over after the czar was forced to give up his throne.

52. The Russian Revolution5
The Russian Revolution
In 1917, Lenin and his supporters overthrew the weak government.
In March 1918, Russia signed an agreement with Germany and withdrew from World War I, which is what the Germans wanted.

53. The Russian Revolution5
The Russian Revolution
Lenin was the new leader of Russia and wanted a Communist government.
In theory, communism appealed to many of Russia’s poor people.
Lenin told the workers and serfs that communism would bring fairness and equality to all Russians.

54. Building of a Communist State5
Building of a Communist State
After the Communists came to power, there was a terrible civil war between those who were Communists and those who were not.
The Russian civil war lasted three years.
The Communists won.

55. Building of a Communist State
In 1922, Lenin created the Soviet Union, which was made up of Russia and smaller areas, or republics, under Russian control.
Lenin took steps to turn the Soviet Union into a Communist country.
He died in 1924, and Josef Stalin took over.

56. Building of a Communist State5
Building of a Communist State
Josef Stalin was a dictator.
He did not care about the suffering his decisions caused.
When people questioned his ideas or actions, he sent them to prison camps or had them executed.

57. Building of a Communist State5
Building of a Communist State
In 1939, Stalin signed an agreement which stated that Russia and Germany would not fight one another.
But, the Germans invaded Russia anyway.
In 1943, the Soviets pushed the Germans back toward their own borders.
By 1945, Soviet troops had captured Berlin, the capital of Germany.

58. 5
The Cold War
After World War II, the United States and Russia were the world’s two strongest countries.
Relations between them were tense; the Cold War lasted from 1945 to 1991.

59. The Cold War Two things caused the tension between the two countries.5
The Cold War
Two things caused the tension between the two countries.
First was the problem of Eastern Europe. After the war, Soviet troops did not leave the countries they freed during the war.
They forced these countries to be Communist.
Second, the Soviets tried to expand their power beyond Eastern Europe and encouraged countries to become Communist.

60. 5
The Cold War
During the Cold War, the Soviet Union’s economy did not grow fast enough.
By the early 1980s, most Soviet people lost faith in the Communist system.
In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev responded by making changes.
He allowed more personal freedom and reduced government control over the economy.
By 1991, the Soviet Union broke apart as more and more republics demanded their independence.

61. The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union–Assessment5
The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union–Assessment
What kind of country did Lenin want Russia to be?
a) A colonial country
b) A feudal country
c) A Communist country
d) A democratic country
What was one cause of the Cold War?
a) The Soviets tried to expand their power beyond Eastern Europe.
b) The Soviet troops left the Eastern European countries they freed.
c) Mikhail Gorbachev implemented new and unpopular policies.
d) Stalin signed an agreement with the Germans

62. The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union–Assessment5
The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union–Assessment
What kind of country did Lenin want Russia to be?
a) A colonial country
b) A feudal country
c) A Communist country
d) A democratic country
What was one cause of the Cold War?
a) The Soviets tried to expand their power beyond Eastern Europe.
b) The Soviet troops left the Eastern European countries they freed.
c) Mikhail Gorbachev implemented new and unpopular policies.
d) Stalin signed an agreement with the Germans