3. 1948 Truman Strikes First  Executive Order 9981 “It is hereby declared to be the policy of the President that there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, religion, or national origin.

4. 1954 - Supreme Court Strikes Second  Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education  Segregation in public schools is unconstitutional.  Overturned the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson ruling making segregation legal.

5. 7 Fun Facts about Brown  1. “Separate but equal” clause in Plessy was not enforced.  1954 Black schools received 60% as much funding per pupil as white schools  Some schools had no electricity or plumbing.

6. 7 Fun Facts about Brown  2. Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education started out as five cases.  All accused segregation violated the 14 th amendment right to equal protection under the law.  Supreme court consolidated all cases into one.

7. 10 Fun Facts about Brown  3. The lower courts had denied all five cases.  “substantially equal to meet the Plessy test”

8. 10 Fun Facts about Brown  4. The plaintiffs took great personal risks to be part of the case.  a number of plaintiffs lost their jobs, as did members of their families, and other plaintiffs had their credit cut off.  In South Carolina whites burned down the house and church of a particularly energized plaintiff, the Reverend Joseph A. DeLaine, and reportedly fired gunshots at him one night.

9. 7 Fun Facts about Brown  5. Thurgood Marshall argued the case for the plaintiffs  The Great Grandson of a slave  Appeared 32 times before the Supreme Court—  Marshall opined that state-imposed segregation was inherently discriminatory and emotionally damaging  He later became the first black justice on the Supreme Court, serving from 1967 to 1991.

10. 7. Fun Facts About Brown  6. The Case had a sequel.  Known as Brown II, this seven-paragraph decision tasked local federal judges with making sure that school authorities integrated “with all deliberate speed”—an ambiguous phrase that repudiated the NAACP’s plea for tight deadlines.

11. 7 Fun Facts About Brown  7. The Backlash to Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education was widespread  Delay tactics in Southern States  Segregation now! Segregation tomorrow! Segregation forever (he sorta got his wish).  Only 1% integrated by 1964  Constant harassment  Federal vs. state government conflicts.

12. August 1955- The Strange Case of Emmett Till  14-year-old black boy from Chicago  Whistled at a white woman  Kidnapped, murdered, body dumped.  Murders found not guilty  Later admitted to the crime.

13. The Strange Case of Emmett Till

14. December 1, 1955 Rosa Rises  NAACP member Rosa Parks  Refuses to give up seat  In response, blacks boycott buses  Minister Martin makes his Montgomery move  Organized for 381 days  Known as “The Montgomery Bus Boycott”

16. January 1957  Southern Christian Leadership Conference established.  King first president  SCLC became THE major force behind the civil rights movement.  Based its principles on nonviolence and civil disobedience  Inspired by whose influence?

17. Southern Leadership Conference “We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline,” Martin Luther King, Jr. “

18. September, 1977 Little Rock, Arkansas  Central High School permits 9 black students to attend class  The “Little Rock Nine” are blocked by police troops sent by Governor Orval Faubus.  Eisenhower sends Federal Troops to block state police force.

20. February, 1960 Greensboro, NC  Greensboro Four  Staged a sit-in at the lunch counter at Woolworths  Refused Service but allowed to stay  Triggered more non-violent “sit-ins” at lunch counters

21. Results from Greenboro Four?  Six months later, the original four were finally served lunch.  Student sit-ins would be effective at integrating all public places in the deep South:  Parks  Swimming pools  Theaters  Libraries

22. April, 1960 SNCC Forms  Student nonviolent Coordinating Committee  Provide young blacks with a place in the civil rights movement  Eventually grew more radical under the leadership of Stokely Carmichael (1966-1967)