1. History of the Periodic Table

2. “Early chemists describe the first dirt molecule.”

3. Antoine Lavoisier Compiled a list of all the known elements of the time (1790’s)

4. Text p 174

5. John Newlands (1864) Noticed repeating patterns “Law of octaves”

7. Stanislao Cannizzaro Developed an accepted method for measuring atomic mass

8. Dmitri Mendeleev Noticed repeating properties of elements – “Periodicity” Published his periodic table in 1869 Left gaps in table – Predicted properties of undiscovered elements

9. Dmitri Mendeleev Noticed some inconsistencies in properties and atomic mass Left them alone – He believed properties were more important than atomic mass

10. Henry Moseley (1913) Developed concept of atomic number Arranged elements by increasing atomic number Explained inconsistencies in Mendeleev’s table

11. The Periodic Law The physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers

12. The Modern Periodic Table

13. Li Na K Rb Cs Fr Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra Sc Y La Ac Ti Zr Hf 104 V Nb Ta Cr Mo W Mn Tc Re Fe Ru Os Co Rh Ir Ni Pd Pt Cu Ag Au Zn Cd Hg Ga In Tl Ge Sn Pb As Sb Bi Se Te Po Br I At Kr Xe Rn 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 113 AlSiPSClAr BCNOFNe He CePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLu ThPaUrNpPuAmCmBkCfEsFmMdNoLr H

14. Important Types of Elements

15. Metals and Nonmetals Li Na K Rb Cs Fr Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra Sc Y La Ac Ti Zr Hf 104 V Nb Ta Cr Mo W Mn Tc Re Fe Ru Os Co Rh Ir Ni Pd Pt Cu Ag Au Zn Cd Hg Ga In Tl Ge Sn Pb As Sb Bi Se Te Po Br I At Kr Xe Rn 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 113 AlSiPSClAr BCNOFNe He CePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLu ThPaUrNpPuAmCmBkCfEsFmMdNoLr H

16. Metals Very good conductors of heat and electricity Usually shiny and malleable

17. Metals Li Na K Rb Cs Fr Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra Sc Y La Ac Ti Zr Hf 104 V Nb Ta Cr Mo W Mn Tc Re Fe Ru Os Co Rh Ir Ni Pd Pt Cu Ag Au Zn Cd Hg Ga In Tl Ge Sn Pb As Sb Bi Se Te Po Br I At Kr Xe Rn 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 113 AlSiPSClAr BCNOFNe He CePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLu ThPaUrNpPuAmCmBkCfEsFmMdNoLr H

18. Nonmetals Very poor conductors of heat and electricity – “Nonconductors” Exist in all three phases Usually dull and brittle when solid

19. Nonmetals Li Na K Rb Cs Fr Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra Sc Y La Ac Ti Zr Hf 104 V Nb Ta Cr Mo W Mn Tc Re Fe Ru Os Co Rh Ir Ni Pd Pt Cu Ag Au Zn Cd Hg Ga In Tl Ge Sn Pb As Sb Bi Se Te Po Br I At Kr Xe Rn 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 113 AlSiPSClAr BCNOFNe He CePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLu ThPaUrNpPuAmCmBkCfEsFmMdNoLr H

20. Metalloids Have some properties of both metals and nonmetals – “semi-metals” Slightly conductive Usually dull, brittle solids

21. Metalloids Li Na K Rb Cs Fr Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra Sc Y La Ac Ti Zr Hf 104 V Nb Ta Cr Mo W Mn Tc Re Fe Ru Os Co Rh Ir Ni Pd Pt Cu Ag Au Zn Cd Hg Ga In Tl Ge Sn Pb As Sb Bi Se Te Po Br I At Kr Xe Rn 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 113 AlSiPSClAr BCNOFNe He CePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLu ThPaUrNpPuAmCmBkCfEsFmMdNoLr H

22. Electron “Blocks” s-block p-block d-block f-block

23. Ge Sn Pb As Sb Bi Se Te Po Br I At Xe SiPSCl CNOF Li K Cs Fr Be Sr “Representative” or “Main Group” Elements Na Rb Mg Ca Ba Ra Ga In Tl Kr Rn 113 AlAr BNe He H

24. Important Families of Elements

25. Alkali Metals (“s” block) (Group 1) Very reactive – Not found as free metals in nature – React vigorously with water and with many nonmetals Soft, silvery metals Fairly low melting points

26. Group 1: Alkali Metals Li Na K Rb Cs Fr Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra Sc Y La Ac Ti Zr Hf 104 V Nb Ta Cr Mo W Mn Tc Re Fe Ru Os Co Rh Ir Ni Pd Pt Cu Ag Au Zn Cd Hg Ga In Tl Ge Sn Pb As Sb Bi Se Te Po Br I At Kr Xe Rn 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 113 AlSiPSClAr BCNOFNe He CePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLu ThPaUrNpPuAmCmBkCfEsFmMdNoLr H

27. Alkaline-Earth Metals (“s” block) (Group 2) Reactive, but not as reactive as alkali metals – Not found as free metals in nature Harder, denser, and higher melting points than alkali metals

28. Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals Li Na K Rb Cs Fr Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra Sc Y La Ac Ti Zr Hf 104 V Nb Ta Cr Mo W Mn Tc Re Fe Ru Os Co Rh Ir Ni Pd Pt Cu Ag Au Zn Cd Hg Ga In Tl Ge Sn Pb As Sb Bi Se Te Po Br I At Kr Xe Rn 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 113 AlSiPSClAr BCNOFNe He CePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLu ThPaUrNpPuAmCmBkCfEsFmMdNoLr H

29. Transition Metals (“d” block) Harder, denser than alkali or alkaline-earth metals Much higher melting points than alkali or alkaline-earth metals (except for Hg) Much less reactive Brightly-colored compounds

30. Groups 3-12: The Transition Metals H Li Na K Rb Cs Fr Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra Sc Y La Ac Ti Zr Hf 104 V Nb Ta Cr Mo W Mn Tc Re Fe Ru Os Co Rh Ir Ni Pd Pt Cu Ag Au Zn Cd Hg Ga In Tl Ge Sn Pb As Sb Bi Se Te Po Br I At Kr Xe Rn 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 113 AlSiPSClAr BCNOFNe He CePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLu ThPaUrNpPuAmCmBkCfEsFmMdNoLr

31. “p-block” Elements Wide variety of properties – All of the nonmetals – All of the metalloids – All of the noble gases – Some metals – All three physical states

32. “p-block Elements” H Li Na K Rb Cs Fr Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra Sc Y La Ac Ti Zr Hf 104 V Nb Ta Cr Mo W Mn Tc Re Fe Ru Os Co Rh Ir Ni Pd Pt Cu Ag Au Zn Cd Hg Ga In Tl Ge Sn Pb As Sb Bi Se Te Po Br I At Kr Xe Rn 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 113 AlSiPSClAr BCNOFNe He CePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLu ThPaUrNpPuAmCmBkCfEsFmMdNoLr

33. Halogens (Group 17) Most reactive nonmetals React vigorously with most metals to form salts All three physical states

34. Group 17: The HalogensH Li Na K Rb Cs Fr Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra Sc Y La Ac Ti Zr Hf 104 V Nb Ta Cr Mo W Mn Tc Re Fe Ru Os Co Rh Ir Ni Pd Pt Cu Ag Au Zn Cd Hg Ga In Tl Ge Sn Pb As Sb Bi Se Te Po Br I At Kr Xe Rn 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 113 AlSiPSClAr BCNOFNe He CePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLu ThPaUrNpPuAmCmBkCfEsFmMdNoLr

35. Noble Gases Group 18 Very unreactive – Used to be called “inert” gases

36. Group 18: The Noble Gases H Li Na K Rb Cs Fr Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra Sc Y La Ac Ti Zr Hf 104 V Nb Ta Cr Mo W Mn Tc Re Fe Ru Os Co Rh Ir Ni Pd Pt Cu Ag Au Zn Cd Hg Ga In Tl Ge Sn Pb As Sb Bi Se Te Po Br I At Kr Xe Rn 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 113 AlSiPSClAr BCNOFNe He CePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLu ThPaUrNpPuAmCmBkCfEsFmMdNoLr

37. Hydrogen and Helium Odorless, colorless gases Hydrogen is placed in Group 1 because of its 1s 1 electron configuration Helium is placed in group 18 – Helium is unreactive – Its 1s 2 configuration completely fills its only main energy level

38. H Li Na K Rb Cs Fr Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra Sc Y La Ac Ti Zr Hf 104 V Nb Ta Cr Mo W Mn Tc Re Fe Ru Os Co Rh Ir Ni Pd Pt Cu Ag Au Zn Cd Hg Ga In Tl Ge Sn Pb As Sb Bi Se Te Po Br I At Kr Xe Rn 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 113 AlSiPSClAr BCNOFNe He CePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLu ThPaUrNpPuAmCmBkCfEsFmMdNoLr Hydrogen and Helium

39. Inner Transition Metals (“f” block) Lanthanide series and Actinide series No groups-they are in between Groups 3 and 4 Lanthanides (Period 6) – “Rare earths” – Shiny, reactive metals Actinides (Period 7) – Unstable, radioacative elements – Most are synthetic

40. H Li Na K Rb Cs Fr Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra Sc Y La Ac Ti Zr Hf 104 V Nb Ta Cr Mo W Mn Tc Re Fe Ru Os Co Rh Ir Ni Pd Pt Cu Ag Au Zn Cd Hg Ga In Tl Ge Sn Pb As Sb Bi Se Te Po Br I At Kr Xe Rn 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 113 AlSiPSClAr BCNOFNe He CePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLu ThPaUrNpPuAmCmBkCfEsFmMdNoLr Inner Transition Metals

41. The Lanthanides (Rare Earths) H Li Na K Rb Cs Fr Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra Sc Y La Ac Ti Zr Hf 104 V Nb Ta Cr Mo W Mn Tc Re Fe Ru Os Co Rh Ir Ni Pd Pt Cu Ag Au Zn Cd Hg Ga In Tl Ge Sn Pb As Sb Bi Se Te Po Br I At Kr Xe Rn 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 113 AlSiPSClAr BCNOFNe He CePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLu ThPaUrNpPuAmCmBkCfEsFmMdNoLr

42. The ActinidesH Li Na K Rb Cs Fr Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra Sc Y La Ac Ti Zr Hf 104 V Nb Ta Cr Mo W Mn Tc Re Fe Ru Os Co Rh Ir Ni Pd Pt Cu Ag Au Zn Cd Hg Ga In Tl Ge Sn Pb As Sb Bi Se Te Po Br I At Kr Xe Rn 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 113 AlSiPSClAr BCNOFNe He CePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLu ThPaUrNpPuAmCmBkCfEsFmMdNoLr