1. Protecting coastal waters in the West Indian Ocean: Recent developments under the Nairobi Convention Professor Jan Glazewski Institute of Marine & Environmental Law University of Cape Town July 2011 Land Based Marine Pollution

2. Overview of the Talk A. Nairobi Convention & Geo-physical setting B. Land-based marine pollution C. International (soft) Law D. Old/New Nairobi Convn - 1985 original Convn: two protocols - 2010 amended Convn and - new LBSA protocol E. The way forward :

3. Origins: 1974 UNEP Regional Seas Programme 1985: Convention plus Two protocols: – Fauna & Flora –Emergency incidents 2010 NEW Amended Convention and NEW Protocol: –Protocol to the Convention on Land- based Activities and Sources of Marine Pollution 1985 Nairobi Convention

4. Geo-physical setting

5. 1985 Nairobi Convention 5 Main Land5 Island States KenyaComoros MozambiqueFrance Reunion SomaliaMadagascar South AfricaMauritius TanzaniaSeychelles

6. Point source & non point source Sewerage Outflows Agriculture: Fertilizers and Pesticides; run-off; Industrial activites Mining Activities Infrastructural Development Inappropriate Tourism Developments Land based marine pollution sources & activities

7. C. International (soft) Law: reaction to LBS&A 1982 UNCLOS (part XII; art 207) 1985 Montreal Guidelines UNCHE; UNCED; Agenda 21 1995 UNEP Conference on the Protection of the Marine Env from Land Based Activities – Washington Declaration –Global Programme of Action (GPA) 2001 Stockholm Convnon PoPs 1974 UNEP Regional Seas Program

8. Title: ‘for the Protection, Management & Development of the marine and coastal envment of Western Indian Ocean Purpose: Emerging principles ‘Precationary, polluter pays, integrated coastal managment’ ‘ecosystems based management’ ‘ present and future generations’ Convention Area ‘riparian marine & coastal environment’ D. Original Convention versus New Convention

9. 26 Articles Point and non point sources Transboundary pollution Scientific & Tech cooperation Information: reporting, exchange Environ impact assessment Common guidelines, standards Annexes Best available techniques Priority substances, actvities Land Based Sources & Activities Protocol

10. E. Way forward, challenges & further developments A. Domestic Implementation - Institutional integration - Coastal area legislation B. Capacity questions C. New (Fourth) Protocol Integrated coastal area magt D. Ocean governance !!??