1. Nerve Action Potential

2. Nerve signals are rapid changes in the membrane potential that spread rapidly along the nerve fiber membrane by action potential.

3. Action potential begins Sudden change of normal resting negative membrane potential To positive potential Ends by rapid change back to the negative potential. A.P moves along the whole nerve fiber.

5. Stages Of Action Potential

7. Resting Stage. It is the resting membrane potential before the action potential begins. The membrane is "polarized" with -90 millivolts negative membrane potential. Depolarization Stage. The membrane suddenly becomes very permeable to sodium ions.

10. It allows tremendous numbers of positively charged sodium ions to diffuse to the interior of the axon. Inflow of positive Na-ion immediately neutralizes -90 millivolts memb. Potential. Leading to rapidly rising potential in the positive direction.

13. Components of the Neurons: Neuron is composed of: Cell body. Two processes: Dendrites. Axon.

21. Transport Channels In The Nerve Membrane

22. Special characteristics of two other types of transport channels through the nerve membrane area: Voltage-gated sodium. Voltage- gated Potassium channels.

23. Depolarization of the nerve membrane during the action potential is mainly by the voltage-gated sodium channel. Voltage-gated potassium channel play an important role in increasing the rapidity of repolarization of the membrane.

24. Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel It has two gates: Activation Gate: Near the outside of the channel. Inactivation Gate. Near the inside of the channel.

26. During normal resting membrane when the membrane potential is -90 millivolts. The activation gate of Na-ion is closed. Which prevent any entry of sodium ions to the interior of the fiber through these sodium channels.

28. Activation of the Sodium Channel.

30. Membrane potential becomes less negative during rising from -90 millivolts toward zero It finally reaches a voltage-usually somewhere between -70 and -50 millivolts That causes a sudden conformational change in the activation gate, flipping it all the way to the open position.

32. It is called the activated state During this state, sodium ions can pour inward through the channel, increasing the sodium permeability of the membrane as much as 500- to 5000- fold.

34. The inactivation gate, however, close a few 10,000ths of a second after the activation gate opens. Conformational change causes the inactivation gate to close which is a slower process.

36. Sodium ions no longer can pour to the inside of the membrane. K- channels open just about at the same time when the sodium channels are beginning to close because of inactivation.

40. At this point, the membrane potential begins to recover back toward the resting membrane state, which is the repolarization process. Inactivation gate will not reopen until the membrane potential returns to or reaches near the original resting membrane potential level.

41. Repolarization Stage Within a few 10,000ths of a second after the membrane becomes highly permeable to sodium ions. The sodium channels begin to close The potassium channels open more than normal.

42. Lead to rapid diffusion of potassium ions to the exterior reestablishes the normal negative resting membrane potential. Which is called repolarization of the membrane.

44. Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel During the resting state Toward the end of the action potential.

45. During the resting state, the gate of the potassium channel is closed, preventing efflux of K-ion. When the membrane potential rises from -90 millivolts toward zero, this voltage change causes a conformational opening of the gate and allows increased potassium efflux through the channel.

47. The decrease in sodium entry to the cell and the simultaneous increase in potassium exit. Both processes speed the repolarization process. Leading to full recovery of the resting membrane potential within another few 10,000ths of a second.

51. Large Nerve Fibers: Great excess of positive sodium ions moving to the inside. Causing the membrane potential to actually "overshoot" That is it crosses beyond the zero level and to become somewhat positive.

56. Whereas, in some: Some Smaller nerve fibers Many Central nervous system neurons. The potential merely approaches the zero level and does not over­shoot to the positive state.

58. End Of Todays Lecture