1. URBANIZATION or HOW CITIES GROW Geography 1050 The geography of cities

2. Outline 1.Global patterns of urbanization 2.Differences in urbanization between MDCs and LDCs 3.Urbanization and the population question 4.Urban service provision and urban economies in LDC cities

3. URBANIZATION & CITIES Urbanization refers to the proportion of people in living in cities. It also refers to the process in which rural populations move to urban areas. Urbanization refers to all of the cities in a country, considered as an urban system. The urban system is the network of individual cities within a region or country.

4. The World At Night

5. The United States, The World And Europe At Night

6. Urban and Rural Population, Less Developed Countries 1950 to 2025

7. Urbanization The urbanization curve is typically logistic or S-shaped

8. % of population living in urban areas in major world regions, 1950, 1975, 2000 and 2025 ~3X ~4X <1.5X ~3X 2X

9. Sources of Urbanization The urban system of a country grows mainly by: 1.Natural population increase (births – deaths) 2.Migration from rural areas (especially in countries with large rural populations) 3.Immigration from other countries (especially in Europe and North America) 4.Reclassification of urban boundaries to encompass formerly rural areas

10. Outline 1.Global patterns of urbanization 2.Differences in urbanization between MDCs and LDCs 3.Urbanization and the population question 4.Urban service provision and urban economies in LDC cities

11. Urbanization in MDCs and LDCs MDCs –Slow pre-industrial growth –Rapid industrial growth –Slows again once most previously rural populations are in cities –Europe, North America, Australia and Japan, the population is 75% to 80% urban. –Canada is 80% urbanized. LDCs –Rapid urbanization without proportional industrialization (population growth, land tenure) –By 2020 majority of LDC population will live in urban areas of 1 million+ –By 2020 most megacities of 10 million+ will be in LDCs

12. Urbanization The urbanization curve is typically logistic or S-shaped MDC urbanization LDC urbanization

13. Urban Growth is Speeding Up Time required to reach 2 million population: Rome, Italy 2000 years Vienna, Austria400 years Vancouver, B.C.115 years Shenzhen, China 20 years

14. Share of World Population Growth Urban and Rural Areas LDCs and MDCs 1950 to 2025 Over the next quarter century, increases in urbanization will be almost entirely attributable to sub-Saharan Africa and Asia

15. Cities with 10 million or more people 2015

16. Outline 1.Global patterns of urbanization 2.Differences in urbanization between MDCs and LDCs 3.Urbanization and the population question 4.Urban service provision and urban economies in LDC cities

17. Share of World Population Growth Urban and Rural Areas LDCs and MDCs 1950 to 2025 Over the next quarter century, increases in urbanization will be almost entirely attributable to sub-Saharan Africa and Asia

18. Urbanization & the population question Thomas Malthus and Malthusianism “I SAID that population, when unchecked, increased in a geometrical ratio, and subsistence for man in an arithmetical ratio.” Thomas Malthus. 1798. An Essay on the Principle of Population Available at http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/ 1766-1834

19. Urbanization & the population question Time Pop. Subsistence

20. Urbanization & the population question Thomas Malthus and Malthusianism Solution to unchecked population growth: inculcate ‘middle-class’ values in the ‘lower- classes’ –Advocated universal sufferage, state-run education But his analysis of population growth has been used to naturalize the idea of ‘overpopulation’ as a purely mathematical problem ---> buries struggles for power (politics) in apparently objective language of math. 1766-1834

21. Urbanization & the population question Source: Marshall, J. 2005

22. Urbanization & the population question Source: Marshall, J. 2005

23. Urbanization & the population question Source: Marshall, J. 2005

24. Urbanization & the population question Source: Marshall, J. 2005

25. Urbanization & the population question www.pivotlegal.org/pivot/points/DownEast.htm

26. Urbanization & the population question http://faculty.law.ubc.ca/Pue/grlawsocspring03/Image7.gif