1. Coronal Mass Ejection: Initiation, Magnetic Helicity, and Flux Ropes. L. Boundary Motion-Driven Evolution Amari, T., Luciani, J. F., Aly, J. J., Mikic, Z., and Linker, J. 2003, ApJ, 585, 1073 2003.6.9 Taiyou Zasshkai Shiota

2. Abstract They studied 3D MHD simulation of the triggering of CMEs. 1.A twisting velocity field to foot points at the bottom of the box 2.relaxation to numerical force-free state 3.converging motions of foot points of the force-free field

3. Introduction What is the nature of the triggering of CMEs ? Observations of preeruptive configuration (reviewed by Priest & Forbes 2002) 1)shear between Ha fibrils and the inversion line 2)converging motions toward the inversion line Another important feature of CMEs the presence of a prominence the ejection of a plasmoid Important issue Is it necessary to have a twisted flux rope (in equilibrium) prior to disruption? or is the twisted flux rope created as a consequence of reconnection during the disruption ?

4. 2D Modelizations of the triggering of CMEs the evolutions are driven by slow motions of foot points purely shearing motion with Cartesian (Aly&Amari 1985; Aly 1990; Amari et al. 1996, 1997; etc.) and spherical geometry (Mikic & Linker 1994; Aly 1995) => the formation and ejection of plasmoid converging motions analytically (Priest & Forbes 1990; Forbes & Priest 1995) => catastropic non-equilibrium transition with resistive simulations (Forbes 1991; Inhester, Birn, & Hesse 1992) => plasmoid and impulsive phase

5. 3D Modelizations of the triggering of CMEs the evolutions of bipolar magnetic configurations are also driven by slow motions of foot points shearing motion; twisting components (Amari et al. 1996; Tokman & Bellan 2002; Hagyard 1990) => the formation and ejection of plasmoid converging motions have not been considered yet => to investigate the possible effects of the boundary on a bipolar configuration

6. The important questions The questions answered in this paper. Do the converging motions contribute to the helicity contents of the magnetic structure? How long can the field evolve quietly in quasi- static way? What happens when quiet phase ends, is there production of a twisted magnetic flux rope in equilibrium, or is the system subject immediately to a global disruption?

7. Definition of magnetic energy and helicity magnetic energy magentic helicity where, π: potential field

8. The tangential Electric field on S from Ohm’s law this can be decomposed into irrotational and solenoidal parts f(x,y,t), g(x,y,t) are

9. Evolution of magnetic energy and helicity magnetic energy magentic helicity

10. Initial Potential Configuration

11. MHD equations The equations are solved by semi-implicit scheme.

12. Twisting motions

13. The evolution The evolution along this phase is almost quasi-static. Magnetic energy increases monotonically Magnetic helicity increases monotonically

14. Magnetic Energy and Helicity

15. Converging motions

16. Evolution of t S = 200t A t = 480t A t = 450t A

17. Evolution of t S = 200t A t = 498t A t = 530t A Three part structure

18. Evolution of t S = 200t A

19. Transverse magnetic field at z=0

20. Evolution of t S = 50t A

21. Evolution of t S = 400t A

22. Conclusion They reported the results of numerical simulations A series of initial stable force-free fields B 0 =B(t 0 ) with |H(t 0 )|>0 are constructed by deforming a given potential field in two step process (twisting + relaxation) This evolution is almost quasi-static. Imposing motions converging toward the inversion line, then quiet phase is stopped and configuration experiences a transition to a dynamic and strongly dissipative phase, during which reconnection leads to the formation of a twisted flux rope, however not in equilibrium.

23. Conclusion(cont.) Their results may be relevant to the problem of the initiation of CMEs,(global disruption may occur in a magnetic structure with nonzero helicity contents), driven by the converging motions. Helicity keeps constant value during quasi-static phase, therefore, it neds to have been produced during a prior phase. Helical structures associated with prominences ejected as part of the CMEs are sometimes observed. However, it is still open problem whether a rope does exist prior to disruption, thus possibly playing a role in its triggering.