1. PowerLecture: Chapter 23 Plant Evolution

2. The Plant Kingdom Fig. 23-2, p.372

3. The Plant Kingdom

4. Fig. 23-3, p.372 Charophytes

5. The Plant Kingdom Non-VascularPlants(Bryophytes)

6. Nonvascular Plants (Bryophytes)  Gametophyte dominates life cycle  sperm require water to reach eggs  Three groups LiverwortsHornwortsMosses

7. Moss Life Cycle Zygote grows, develops into a sporophyte while still attached to gametophyte. Fertilization zygote sperm- producing structure egg- producing structure Diploid Stage Haploid Stage mature sporophyte Meiosis Spores germinate. male gametophyte female gametophyte

8. Fig. 23-8a, p.376

9. sporophyte gametophyte Fig. 23-9b, p.377 Peat Mosses

10. Fig. 23-9a, p.377 Peat Mosses

11. Fig. 23-10a, p.377 Marchantia: A Liverwort

12. Female gametophyte Male gametophyte Fig. 23-10b, p.377 Marchantia: A Liverwort

13. thallus (leaflike part) Fig. 23-10c, p.377 close-up of gemmae Marchantia: A Liverwort

14. Vascular Plants  Internal tissues carry water and solutes

15. The Plant Kingdom Seedless Vascular Vascular Plants Plants

16. Fig. 23-4b, p.372 Seedless Vascular Plants

17. Fig. 23-4c, p.373 Seedless Vascular Plants

18. Fig. 23-11a, p.378 sporangium Seedless Vascular Plants Seedless Vascular Plants

19. Fig. 23-11b, p.378 strobilus Seedless Vascular Plants Seedless Vascular Plants

20. Fig. 23-11c, p.378 Seedless Vascular Plants Seedless Vascular Plants

21. Fig. 23-11d, p.378 Seedless Vascular Plants Seedless Vascular Plants

22. Fern Life Cycle Spores are released Sporophyte still attached to gametophyte zygote fertilization Diploid Stage Haploid Stage egg sperm mature gametophyte Spores develop meiosis Spore germinates rhizome sorus Fig. 23-12 p. 391

23. p.379

24. Fig. 23-13a, p.380 A Carboniferous tree- sized club moss

25. stem of a giant lycophyte (Lepidodendron) seed fern (Medullosa), one of the early seed-bearing plants stem of giant horsetail (Calamites) Fig. 23-13c, p.380Carboniferous

26. The Plant Kingdom Seed-bearing Vascular Vascular Plants Plants

27. Seed-Bearing Vascular Plants  Gymnosperms first  Angiosperms later

28. The Plant Kingdom Gymno-sperms

29. Angio-sperms

30. Gymno-sperms

31. Gymnosperms Gymnosperms  “naked seeds” (don’t form inside ovary)

32. Fig. 23-15a, p.382 Conifer Characteristics

33. section through one ovule ovule surface view of one cone scale (houses two ovules) section through a pollen-producing sac surface view of one cone scale (houses a pollen-producing sac) meiosis fertilization seed coat embryo zygote mature sporophyte seeding pollen tube sperm- producing cell eggs female gametophyte pollination microspores form megaspores form seed Diploid Haploid Pine Life Cycle Fig. 23-16, p. 396

34. Cycads  Palmlike  Pollen and seeds on different plants Strobilus of a “female” cycad

35. A Cycad

36. Fig. 23-15b, p.382 A Cycad

38. Ginkgos  One surviving species, Ginkgo biloba  Deciduous trees w. separate sexes

39. Fig. 23-15d, p.382Ginkgos

40. Fig. 23-15e, p.382Ginkgos

41. Gnetophytes - Gnetophytes - Ephedra

42. Fig. 23-15h, p.382 Welwitschia sp. - A Gnetophyte

43. The Plant Kingdom Angio-sperms

44. Angiosperms Angiosperms  Flowering  Double Fertilization (to be explained later)  Dominant land plants (260,000 species)  Ovules ( and later seeds) enclosed in ovary  Three main groups: magnoliids, monocots, and eudicots

45. Fig. 23-17b, p.384 cycads ferns gymnosperms ginkgo other genera angiosperms (flowering plants) 250 200 150 100 50 1601401201008060 Time (millions of years) 0 Number of genera Angiosperms Angiosperms

46. Angiosperm Evolutionary Tree basal groups Amborella water lilies star anise magnoliids monocots eudicots Fig. 23-19, p. 385

47. Fig. 23-5a, p.373 Gondwana 420 mya360 mya 505440410360286 OrdovicanSilurianDevonianCarboniferous Bryophytes (liverworts) appear by 475 mya. Origin of earliest seedless vascular plants, in Silurian. Bryophytes diversify. Lycophytes, horsetails, ferns undergo early adaptive radiations. By 360 mya, seed plants evolve. Vast swamp forests; bryophytes, tree-size lycophytes, horsetails, ferns dominate. origin of conifers late in the Carboniferous. Plant Evolution

48. Fig. 23-5b, p.373 240 mya65 mya Pangea 28624821314565 PermianTriassicJurassicCretaceouspresent Origin of ginkgos, cycads. Conifers diversify. Extinction of most lucophytes and horsetails by end of Permian Ferns, cycads, conifers undergo adaptive radiations; by start of Cretaceous, conifers the dominant trees. Origin of flowering plants by the early Cretaceous. Rapid adaptive radiations and to dominance in nearly all habitats on land. Plant Evolution

49. sporophyte’s importance gametophyte’s importance green algaebryophytesfernsgymnospermsangiosperms zygote only, no sporophyte Fig. 23-6b, p.374

50. Evolutionary Tree for Plants green algae zygophytes, related groups charophytes bryophytes lycophyteshorsetails cycadsconifers flowering plants seed plants euphyllophytes vascular plants embryophytes (land plants) (closely related groups) ferns ginkgos gnetophytes Nested monophyletic groups Fig. 23-7, p. 387

51. p.375

52. Adaptations to Land  Roots  Shoots  Vascular tissues  Waxy cuticle