1. By Josh Wechsler

2.  Ancient Greece/Egypt

3.   Ancient Model vs Aryan Model  Development of each model  Black Egypt  Debate over Models Overview

4.   Dominate and widely accepted model today  Greece was conquered by the Hellenes from the north, an Indo-European speaking, Aryan group.  The indigenous people were Caucasian, not Semitic or Egyptian, but not Indo-European  Hellenic people were responsible for the majority of Ancient Greece’s cultural, artistic and philosophic advancements Aryan Model

5.   Based upon the works of Classical, Hellenistic, and Roman writers  Egyptians and Phoenicians established settlements and cities in greece bringing their ideas, arts, culture, weapons, religion  Greeks continuously learned from Egypt and adopted much of their culture Ancient Model

6.   Racism  Romanticism  Christian Paradigm Shifts Development of Aryan Model

7.   Based on ancient texts and works  In 18 th and 19 th Century scholars began to recognize Egypt as both black and the foundation of western civilization Development of the Ancient Model

8.   White and Civilized  Black and Uncivilized  Black and Civilized “Black Egypt”

9.   View Today: Egyptians were indigenous people to the Nile valley, race is not a genetic characteristic, but a social/cultural one  Egyptians were African, regardless of race “Black Egypt”

10.   Martin Bernal-Black Athena – motivation of changing model. Adapting the Ancient Model  Mary Lefkowitz-evidence, language, questioning Bernal Debate/Controversy