1. Chapter 18 I). Imperialism and America A). American Expansion 1). In the 1880s, many Americans became convinced that U. S. should establish overseas colonies. 2). Imperialism—was already a trend throughout the world. a). By early 20 th century, only two countries—Ethiopia and Liberia— remained independent.

2. Chapter 18 3). Most Americans had come to accept the idea of expansion overseas. 4). Factors fueling imperialism a). Desire for military strength i). Adm. Alfred T. Mahan urges government to build up naval power in order to

3. Chapter 18 compete with other nations. b). Thirst for new markets i). Advances in technology enabled farms and factories to produce more. ii). U. S. needed raw materials and new markets—trade would help with over-production.

4. Chapter 18 c). Belief in Cultural Superiority i). Social Darwinism and the belief in Anglo-Saxon racial superiority led to imperialism. B). Acquisition of Alaska 1). William Seward, Sec. of State, arranges to buy Alaska for $ 7.2 million a). Some thought it silly to purchase

5. Chapter 18 C). Acquisition of Hawaii 1). U. S. takes over Midway Islands in 1867 2). Hawaii was economically important to U. S. a). U. S. merchants had stopped there on their way to China. b). U. S. missionaries founded schools. c). Plantation owners import thousands of workers

6. Chapter 18 d). American sugar planters call for annexation so they won’t have to pay for duty (tariff) on sugar. e). U. S. builds naval base at Pearl Harbor. f). Overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani- U. S. install government headed by Sanford Dole

7. Chapter 18 II). The Spanish-American War A). The United States had long had an interest in Cuba 1). Recommendation given to Pres. Pierce to attempt to buy Cuba from Spain a). The Spanish respond by saying they would rather have Cuba sink into the ocean B). Cubans rebel against Spain –1868 & 1878

8. Chapter 18 1). Second war for independence started by Jose Marti in 1895. a). Used guerilla tactics, counted on provoking U. S. intervention to free Cuba. 2). Spain responds by sending Gen. Valeriano Weyler to restore order. a). Put an estimated 300,000 Cubans in concentration camps.

9. Chapter 18 b). Press accounts (yellow journalism) spoke about poisoned wells and children being thrown to the sharks. C). President McKinley wants to avoid war, but De Lome letter is published, calling McKinley weak and bidding to the crowd. D). U. S. S. Maine ordered to Cuba (1898) to bring Americans home – ship blows up

10. Chapter 18 E). War with Spain 1). Could have been avoided—Spain agreed to almost everything that the U. S. wanted. 2). U. S. public opinion favored war. a). War declared April 20, 1989 3). First battle in the Phillipines a). Commodore George Dewey opens fire on Spanish fleet in Manila Bay

11. Chapter 18 b). Spain surrenders in August of 1898 4). Naval blockade of Cuba a). U. S. forces land in Cuba in June of 1898 with Rough Riders b). Invade Puerto Rico—late July 5). War lasted 16 weeks a). Treaty of Paris (1898) brings war to an end.

12. Chapter 18 III). New Lands A). Puerto Rico 1). Strategically important to U. S. 2). Foraker Act—ended military rule and set up a civilian government a). President appoints Puerto Rico governor. B). Cuba 1). American troops occupy Cuba after war

13. Chapter 18 2). U. S. replaced Spain, but politically nothing changed. a). U. S. provided foods, clothing, and organized elementary schools C). Platt Amendment 1). U. S. has several provisions added to the Cuban Constitution—collectively known as the Platt Amendment

14. Chapter 18 a). Couldn’t make treaties that would limit independence. b). U. S. reserved the right to intervene. c). Cuba couldn’t go into debt d). U. S. could buy/lease land for naval station and refueling station.

15. Chapter 18 D). Filipinos Rebel 1). Filipinos angry over Treaty of Paris (1898) a). Emilio Aguinaldo, rebel leader, believes that U. S. had promised independence—vow to fight for freedom. IV). Foreign Influence in China A). China was seen as a potential new market for American products.

16. Chapter 18 B). Known as the “sick man of Asia” 1). European countries had carved out areas of influence. 2). U. S. worried that they would be shut out of China’s market. 3). John Jay, Sec. of State, issues Open Door notes Letters were to other imperialist nations, stating that they should share trading rights.

17. Chapter 18 C). Boxer Rebellion 1). Resentment builds in China as Europeans dominate China’s large cities. a). Secret societies form— Boxers- want to rid country of foreigners. V). America as World Power A). President Roosevelt mediates settlement in Russo-Japanese War (1905)

18. Chapter 18 1). Treaty of Portsmouth (1906)-won President Roosevelt Nobel Peace Prize. B). Panama Canal 1). Two possible routes a). Nicaragua—fewer obstacles b). Panama—shorter, more difficult terrain—province of Colombia i). This route is chosen

19. Chapter 18 C). Roosevelt Corollary 1). Latin Americans borrowed huge sums of money from European banks. 2). Warns that disorder in Latin America might force U. S. to exercise international police. D). Dollar Diplomacy 1). Practice of using U. S. government to guarantee loans made to foreign countries by American businessman