1. Chapter 7 Entering the World Stage

2. 7.1 The Lure of Imperialism  Imperialism: extension of a nation’s power over other lands

3. Economic Interests  U.S., GB, France, Germany needed new sources for raw materials and wanted new markets

4. Military Needs  Industrialized countries built strong navies to defend shores and protect trade -> needed places to refuel and make repairs so they sought foreign territory

5. Americans who supported imperialism believed:  The US should become a world power  The US needed to expand to compete economically  The US should spread its ideals to other parts of the world  US was producing more goods and should find new markets for trade

6. Scramble for Territory  GB, France, Belgium, Germany, and Japan all controlled huge areas  U.S. wanted its own territories

7. Hawaii  Ideal place for a navy base  American sugar planters and investors gaining control

8. Hawaiian League  Formed to overthrow the monarchy and establish a democracy under American control  Forced the King to sign a new constitution at gunpoint (1887…Bayonet Constitution)  Gave Pearl Harbor to the U.S.

9.  King dies 1891, his sister Liliuokalani becomes queen  She tries to restore the power of monarchy  John Stevens, the American minister to Hawaii, without authorization, ordered U.S. marines to overthrow the monarchy

10.  new regime with Sanford B. Dole (a sugar tycoon) as President  Americans in Hawaii wanted to be annexed

11. Annexation  President Cleveland ordered an investigation  He condemned what had happened and wanted to restore the monarchy but Dole refused to step down

12.  Cleveland would not use force to restore the monarchy but would not annex Hawaii either  The next President (Mckinley) supported annexation and in 1898 it became an American territory  (1959 became a state)

13. China  GB, France, Japan, Russia, and Germany all had “spheres of influence” in China  US feared it would be shut out of trade with China

14. President Theodore Roosevelt  The Open Door Policy in 1899: all nations should have equal trading rights in China  The main purpose was to ensure the US would have access to China’s markets for trade

15. Japan  1854 Japan opened doors for trade with the US  Began modernizing and took control of Taiwan  1904 Russo-Japanese War -> Russia and Japan both want Korea and Manchuria. Japan is victor and power is growing

16. 7.2 Spanish American War

17. Unrest in Cuba  Spain Controlled Cuba  Cubans revolt (want independence)  Leaders including Jose Marti led movements for independence. He and others were exiled. He goes to NYC where he used newspapers to urge Cubans to fight for freedom

18. America’s Role  Many Americans are sympathetic to Cuba  The Media: used yellow journalism (sensationalized stories about Cuba)

19. USS Maine  Sent to Cuba to protect Americans  Blew up mysteriously in Havana Harbor  Newspapers blamed Spain without proof  EX: “USS MAINE DESTROYED BY SPANISH TREACHERY!”

21. Images of the USS Maine energized Americans for war

22.  McKinley demanded Spain grant Cuba independence  Spain refused  US declared war on Spain 1898

23.  War lasted 4 months  Fought on 2 fronts: Cuba and the Philippines  Cuba has most substantial fighting

24. War in the Philippines  Spain claimed since 1500s  When war in Cuba started U.S. ships fire at Spanish ships in the Phillipines  Spanish fleet in the Philippines sunk…no U.S. casualties

25.  Teller Amendment: We recognize Cuban independence  Spain surrenders  Gave up Cuba  Puerto Rico and Guam given to the U.S.  Philippines -> US paid $20 million for control

26. Annexing the Philippines  1899 we annexed  Fighting broke out… US wins  1946 granted independence

27.  As the U.S. gained new territories in the late 1800s, controversies were created concerning the Constitutional rights of the inhabitants of the new territories

29. 7.3 Roosevelt and Latin America  Platt Amendment: U.S. insisted Cuba adopt -> limited Cuba’s ability to sign treaties and gave US right to intervene in Cuban affairs  Eventually repealed

30.  Required Cuba to sell or lease land to the US for naval and coaling stations  Estab. of Guantanamo Bay

31. Panama Canal  French Company started to build a canal through the Isthmus of Panama which was part of the Republic of Columbia  Company went bankrupt and in 1902 the US bought the rights and equipment for the canal but needed Columbian approval to finish

32.  Panamanian revolutionaries were planning to break free from Columbia  Teddy Roosevelt supported the revolution… sent US ships to Panama  Panama declared its independence

33.  Treaty with Panama gave US control over canal zone  Major problem in building the canal was yellow fever and malaria

34. The Roosevelt Corollary  Monroe Doctrine: declared the Americas off limits to Europe  Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: the US could intervene in the affairs of Latin America -> would use military action to prevent European countries from seizing territory

35.  Teddy Roosevelt had saying “speak softly and carry a big stick”  Big stick= strong navy  Big stick policy: the idea of negotiating peacefully while threatening with a “big stick”

36. Dollar Diplomacy  President Taft: influence in Latin America deepened  Dollar Diplomacy: promoting American economic interests in other countries and using economic power to achieve American policy goals  US govt would guarantee loans made to foreign countries by American businesses

37. Moral Diplomacy  President Wilson’s foreign policy in Latin America  He rejected Dollar Diplomacy in favor of persuading and using American ideals of equality to advance our interests

38. Big Stick Policy, Dollar Diplomacy, and Moral Diplomacy  All of these policies were designed to protect US interests and influence in Latin America