1. Cost Analysis By Rahul Jain

2. Topics for discussion Total Revenue and Total Cost Opportunity Cost Total and Average Fixed Costs Total and Average Variable Costs Total and Marginal Cost Shape of the Curves

3. Cost Any expense incurred during the operations for providing the good or service to get the output into the hands of the customer The customer could be the public (the final consumer) or another business Controlling costs is essential to business success

4. A Firm’s Total Revenue and Total Cost Total Revenue The amount that the firm receives for the sale of its output. Total Cost The amount that the firm pays to buy inputs. Profit is the firm’s total revenue minus its total cost. Profit = Total revenue - Total cost

5. Costs may be either explicit or implicit.  Explicit costs result when a monetary payment is made.  Implicit costs involve resources owned by the firm that do not involve a monetary payment. Examples:  time spent by owner running the firm  the foregone normal rate of return on the owner’s financial investment Explicit and Implicit Costs Total Cost = explicit costs implicit costs +

6. Accounting and Economic Profit Economic profit is total revenues minus total costs Accounting profit is total revenue minus the expenses of the firm over a time period.

7. Accounting versus Economic Profit Costs (Explicit) Groceries (wholesale) 76,000 Taxes 10000 Advertising 2,000 Accounting Profit:70,000 Additional (implicit) costs Interest (personal investment)7,000 Rent (owner's building)18,000 Economic Profit:-5,000 Total Revenue Sales (groceries) 170,000 Labor (employees) 12,000 Total (explicit) costs100,000 Salary (owner's labor)50,000 Total (implicit) costs75,000 Total Explicit and Implicit costs:175,000 To calculate accounting profit, subtract the explicit costs from total revenue. To calculate economic profit, subtract both the explicit and implicit costs from total revenue.

8. Opportunity Cost The opportunity cost is the value of the most valuable good or service forgone. Example:  Should we go to a movie or study for next week’s test.  Should we get MBA or professional training or begin work right after college.  Should we invest our money in stock market or invest in new business.

9. Categories of Cost

10. Fixed Costs Fixed costs :  are those costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced.  Costs of a firm’s fixed inputs  Remain constant as output changes  Example: Interest payment on borrowed capital and rental expenditure on leased plant and equipment.

11. Variable Costs Variable costs:  are those costs that do change as the firm alters the quantity of output produced.  Costs of a firm’s variable inputs  Change with output  Example: Payments for raw material, fuel, excise taxes etc.

12. Total and Average Fixed Costs Total Fixed Costs (TFC): costs that remain unchanged in the short run when output is altered  Examples: insurance premiums property taxes the opportunity cost of fixed assets Average Fixed Costs (AFC): Fixed costs per unit (i.e. TFC / output).  decline as output expands

13. Total and Average Variable Costs Total Variable Costs (TVC): sum of costs that increase as output expands  Examples: cost of labor raw materials Average Variable Costs (AVC): variable costs per unit (i.e. TVC / output)

14. Average Costs

15. Marginal Cost Marginal cost (MC) measures the amount total cost rises when the firm increases production by one unit. Marginal cost helps answer the following question: How much does it cost to produce an additional unit of output?

16. Marginal Cost Marginal Cost (MC): the increase in Total Cost associated with a one-unit increase in production  Typically, MC will decline initially, reach a minimum, and then rise.

17. Q P Average Fixed Costs: will be high for small rates of output (as total fixed costs are divided by few units), but will always decline with output (as total fixed costs are divided by more and more units). Total Fixed Costs: do not vary with output; hence, they are the same whether output is set to 100,000 units or 0. Q P AFC TFC Short-Run Cost Curves

18. Output and Costs In the Short Run

19. TFC TC TVC 0 Total costs 4 2 50 100 150 200 6 8 10 TC TVC TFC Output per day 2 4 6 8 10 0 25 42 64 98 152 total fixed costs are flat – they are constant at all output levels. Output = + 50 75 92 114 148 202 total variable costs increase as more variable inputs are utilized. As total costs are the combination of TVC and TFC, they are everywhere positive and increase sharply with output Short Run Total Cost Curves

20. AFC TFC Output per day = / 050 1 2 4 6 8 10 ---- 50.00 25.00 12.50 8.33 6.25 5.00 50 The average fixed cost curve (AFC) is the total fixed cost (TFC) divided by the output level. It is high for a few units, and becomes small as output increases. AFC Short Run Cost Curves Cost per unit 4 2 6 8 10 Output 20 40 60

21. AFC Cost per unit 4 2 6 8 10 Output 20 40 60 AVC TVC Output per day = / AVC 0 1 2 4 6 8 10 ---- 15.00 12.50 10.50 10.67 12.25 15.20 0 15 25 42 64 98 152 The average variable cost curve (AVC) is the total variable cost (TVC) divided by the output level. It is higher either for a few or a lot of units and has some minimal point between the two where, when graphed later, marginal costs (MC) will cross. Short Run Cost Curves

22. ATC TC Output per day = / 0 1 2 4 6 8 10 ---- 65.00 37.50 23.00 19.00 18.50 20.20 When output is low, ATC is high because AFC is high. Also, ATC is high when output is large as MC grows large when output is high. 50 65 75 92 114 148 202 These two relationships explain the distinct U–shape of the ATC curve. The average total cost curve (ATC) is simply TC divided by the output. ATC MC always crosses ATC at its minimum point. Short Run Cost Curves AFC Cost per unit 4 2 6 8 10 Output 20 40 60 AVC MC

23. Average And Marginal Costs At low levels of output  MC - below the AVC and ATC curves  AVC and ATC slope downward At higher levels of output  MC - above the AVC and ATC curves  AVC and ATC slope upward U-shaped curves MC curve will intersect the minimum points of the AVC and ATC curves

24. Relationship Between Marginal Cost and Average Total Cost If MC is less than ATC, ATC is falling. Whenever MC is greater than ATC, ATC is rising.

25. What Factors Cause Cost Curves to Shift?

26. Cost Curve Shifters Prices of resources Taxes Regulations Technology

27. Cost per unit Output level ATC 1 MC 1 ATC 2 MC 2 Higher Resource Prices and Cost If resource prices increase, the cost of production increases and thus the ATC and the MC shift upward simultaneously.

28. Cost and Supply When making output decisions in the short run, it is the firm’s marginal costs that are most important.  Additional units will not be supplied if they do not generate additional revenues that are sufficient to cover their marginal costs.

29. Exercise-I Classify the cost items as fixed or variable or semi fixed and why?. a. Salary of the production department manager who oversees manufacturing. b. Salaries of company founders. c. Cardboard trays used to package sets of garments d. Salary of the Web graphics designer who prepares the online illustrations and layout. e. Annual maintenance service agreement for the conveyer belt. f. Wages paid to labor g. Utilities such as water, electricity, waste for the warehouse. h. Cost of ingredients