1. 1848: YEAR OF REVOLUTIONS Casey Winter

2. FRANCE: THE CAUSES Poor harvests in 1846 and 1847 Led to: High food prices Unemployment Leadership Louis Philippe and his minister Guizot Ineffectual Liberals gained momentum

3. FRANCE: WHAT HAPPENED Working-class liberal supporters force change Louis Philippe abdicates- Guizot flees Liberals seize control Working-class pushes for social revolution as well as economic Strong church influence still felt Feminism in France Women’s clubs become popular Voix de Femmes Daily feminist newspaper in Paris The Vesuvians Named after the Italian volcano Stated that women’s demands needed to erupt like lava

4. FRANCE: THE AFTERMATH Louis Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte’s nephew Named president in 1848 Eventually named Emperor Napoleon III by plebesite

5. HABSBURG EMPIRE: THE CAUSES Proximity to Paris Government rejection of liberal institutions Borders crossed national lines Perpetuated serfdom Previous reform attempts

6. HABSBURG EMPIRE: VIENNA In March there were calls for the independence of Hungary Students led a series of rallies in Vienna Army failed to restore order Emperor Ferdinand promised a moderately liberal constitution Liberals are not appeased Ferdinand is forced to flee Habsburgs feared serf uprisings in the countryside Abolished serfdom

7. HABSBURG EMPIRE : CZECH NATIONALISM Nationalist movements in Bohemia and Moravia- demanded status similar to Hungary Conflicts between Germans and Czechs Pan-Slavic Congress in Prague Diverse group attended Goals included: National equality of Slavs in the Habsburg Empire Massive, united Eastern European Slavic State As the Congress drew to a close, uprising sparked in Prague The radicals were suppressed- Germans in those regions approved

8. ITALY Austrian occupation had Italian nationalists turning to Pope Pius IX Pius IX had a liberal reputation Liberal minister of the Papal States assassinated Pope forced to flee to Naples Republican nationalists flocked to Rome with the intent to unite Italy Requested support from King Charles Albert of Piedmont His defeat at the Battle of Novara meant that he could not provide support French troops crushed the rebellion and Pope Pius IX was restored to power