1. DESERT/DRY LAND DEVELOPMENT – OPTIMIZING WATER USE EFFICIENCY – IN CASE OF DJIBOUTI, AFRICA DROUGHT RISK MANAGEMENT Prepared by Seiichi Sasaki, UNDP Iraq Inspired by Dr. Satoru Takahashi, Tokyo University of Agriculture Precipitation:163.5 mm per year Area Total 23,200 km2 Water Resources: 530 km3

2. OUTLINE 1.DROUGHT RISK MANAGEMENT 2.DEPARTURE FROM CURRENT PRACTICE 3.AN ALTERNATVIE APPROACH 4.POINT AT ISSUE 5.TRANSFORMING NEW PARADIUM 6.WATER EFFICIENCY 7.WATER MANAGEMENT 8.A WHOLE APPROACH

3. DROUGHT RISK MANAGEMENT 1.METEOROLOGICAL MODELLING 2.SUBSIDY, CREDIT AND INSURANCE NOT FUNDAMENTAL MEANS OF SOLVING DROUGHT ISSUES

4. DEPARTURE FROM CURRENT PRACTICE Existing Condition: Drought Risk/ enviro./socioecon. Impacts Coming Years: Drought Risk/ Food Insecurity enviro./socioecon. Impacts Immediate Response Root Cause Analysis Problem Solving Medium to long-term policy/plan Change the existing agricultural practice and farming communities

5. AN APPROACH TO GREENING OF DESERTS/DRY LAND Desertification Deforestation/Over-grazing Soil degradation/Water shortage Instability of food security Poverty vulnerable groups GREENING Cutting off the Cycle Increasing food production

6. POINT AT ISSUE DRY LAND AGRICULTURE Production Capacity Instability of Production (Yield reduction) Food Insufficiency (Variability of precipitation, water supply, etc.)

7. UPGRADING DRY LAND AGRICULTURE PRACTICE Transforming Higher Productivity High-producing crops Increase yield production Coarse Cereal Sorghum Millet Potato

8. CONSOLIDATE STABLE, SUSTAINABLE GROWTH Productivity High-producing crops Increase yield production Coarse Cereal Sorghum Millet Potato, etc. Water Consumption (Water rights, Allocation, Share and Distribution)

9. MULTI STAGE PONDS/WETLANDS IRRIGATION SYSTEM Gravity fed irrigation system Water harvesting approaches met to the environment in case of Djibouti, Africa Responding to temporal variation of precipitation

10. GROUNDWATER CONTROL SYSTEM Control/Adaptation Policy Irrigation Channels Water rising management by ground water control wells Control Well Irrigation Channels GW rising due to irrigation (accelerate salinization) GW control by vertical discharge T-E rivers Desert Development

11. INCREASE WATER EFFICIENCY- WATER MANAGEMENT ON GROUND Water Consumption (Water rights, Allocation, Share and Distribution) Governorate Rep 1 Rep 2 Rep 3 Water user

12. INCREASE WATER USE EFFICIENCY-WATER MANAGEMENT ON GROUND Water Clock (Water rights, Allocation, Share and Distribution) Controlling volume of water distributed to farmers In case of Djibouti, Africa

13. WATER RIGHTS, SHARE AND ALLOCATION Rotational Irrigation 8 days/cycle 1 st cycle 2 nd cycle 3 rd cycle 4 th cycle

14. INCREASE WATER EFFICIENCY- WATER MANAGEMENT ON GROUND Irrigation methods (Furrow irrigation)

15. INCREASE WATER SUPPLY EFFICIENCY-WATER MANAGEMENT ON GROUND Irrigation methods (Drip irrigation)

16. IMPROVEMENT AND EFFECTIVENESS OF CUSTOMIZED IRRIGATION SYSTEM Water Loss (%) Before After In case of Djibouti, Africa

17. Yield Production/ m3 Conventional Furrow Drip IMPROVEMENT AND EFFECTIVENESS OF CUSTOMIZED IRRIGATION SYSTEM Water Required Conventional Furrow Drip In case of Djibouti, Africa

18. IMPROVEMENT AND EFFECTIVENESS OF CUSTOMIZED IRRIGATION SYSTEM SUITABLE FOR IRAQ Higher Productivity (Adapting crops suitable for Iraq) Water Harvesting Methods (Multi stage ponds/wetlands system, groundwater) Irrigation Methods (Furrow, Drip System) Water Clock (Water rights, Allocation, Share and Distribution) Yield productivity, water efficiency and Socioeconomic conditions to be considered

19. A WHOLE GOVERNMENT APPROACH REQUIRED FOR DROUGHT RISK MANAGEMENT IN IRAQ, BUT HOW? IndividualsVillage/district Farmers User Associati on Structure of Organization Governorate Federal Operation Training/E xtension Economic /Planning Mutual Aid Banking Mutual Aid Economic Regional Center National Center Training/Extension Economic Development Region Fed Region Federal Source: Japan Agricultural Cooperation