1. NOTES: CH 4 – Ecosystems & Communities

2. 4.1 - Weather & Climate: ● WEATHER = day-to-day conditions of Earth’s atmosphere ● CLIMATE= refers to average conditions over long periods; defined by year-after- year patterns of temperature & precipitation

3. Factors that Affect Climate:  What causes differences in climate?  Global climate is shaped by many factors, including: ● solar energy trapped in the biosphere ● latitude ● transport of heat by winds & ocean currents

6. Solar Energy and the Greenhouse Effect: ● solar energy arrives as sunlight & strikes the Earth’s surface ● some of that energy is: -reflected back into space -absorbed & converted into heat ● some of that heat then: -radiates back into space, or -is trapped in the biosphere!

7. Solar Energy and the Greenhouse Effect: ● three gases that “trap” heat: -carbon dioxide, CO 2 -methane -water vapor ● as these gases accumulate, more heat is trapped…the GREENHOUSE EFFECT

9. 4.2 – Niches & Community Interactions

10. The Niche: ● each species has a range of conditions under which it can grow & reproduce ● 2 factors that shape where and how organisms live are BIOTIC and ABIOTIC factors ● These can make areas suitable or not suitable for various organisms ● Any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the number of organisms, their distribution, existence, or ability to reproduce is called a LIMITING FACTOR

11. ● An example of a limiting factor is the timberline (elevation, winds, shallow soil, etc.) ● Factors that limit one population may have an indirect affect on other populations within that community -EX: lack of water: decreases seed production, affects mice that are dependent on those seeds

12. ● RANGE OF TOLERANCE -the ability of an organism to withstand fluctuations in biotic and abiotic factors -EX: catfish can withstand warmer water (which contains less oxygen than cooler water) than trout or bass

13. the NICHE ● HABITAT: (address) = area where an organism lives -Ex: hollow tree trunk; includes biotic and abiotic factors ● NICHE (job / lifestyle) = full range of physical and biological conditions in which the organism lives and the way the organism uses those conditions -Ex: place in the food web, range of temperatures the organism needs to survive, food the organism eats

14. ● If two species try to occupy the same niche, it creates competition -Result: one species will not survive  extinction (or driven out) ● No two species can share the same niche in the same habitat

16. COMMUNITIES -COMMUNITY = all populations in a given area -includes HOW organisms’ interactions affect the community

17. ● A change within 1 population in a community can cause change with another in the same community EX: an increase in hawk pop. may cause a decrease in mouse pop.

19. COMMUNITIES ● types of interactions within a community: -Competition -Predation -Symbiosis -Parasitism

20. RESOURCE = necessity of life ● COMPETITION = when organisms try to use a resource at the same place / time EX: Two lizards want to eat the same type of insect ● PREDATION = one organism captures and feeds on another EX: lions and wildebeests

21. SYMBIOSIS: ● SYMBIOSIS = a close and permanent association among organisms of different species; “living together” ● includes: -COMMENSALISM -MUTUALISM -PARASITISM

22. COMMENSALISM: ● one species benefits while the other species is neither harmed nor benefited EXAMPLE: red-breasted goose nests near peregrine falcons’ nests and is protected by the falcons’ fierce defense tactics (from other predators)

24. MUTUALISM: ● both species benefit from the relationship EXAMPLE: ants and acacia trees; ants protect the tree by attacking other animals that try to feed on it; ants get nectar and a home from tree

26. PARASITISM: ● one organism benefits and the other is harmed (but typically not killed) EXAMPLE: ticks and fleas living on a dog; tapeworms and roundworms living inside their host

29. ECOSYSTEM ECOSYSTEM = the community and its surrounding environment (biotic and abiotic factors)

30. ● Interactions with biotic and abiotic factors -How does everything in an ecosystem affect another? -3 kinds of ecosystems ● Terrestrial (land) ● Freshwater ● Saltwater

31. Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biomes Biosphere Summary of Ecological Hierarchy

32. 4.3 - ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION: ● Ecosystems change: human intervention, natural disaster ● ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION = series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time

33. PRIMARY SUCCESSION: ● PRIMARY SUCCESSION: occurs on surfaces where there is no soil; no life previously -EX: Volcanoes erupt and lave flows build up an island -Pioneer species = 1 st organisms to colonize barren areas ● Once a community becomes stable, mature, and there is little change in species, it is known as a CLIMAX COMMUNITY

36. SECONDARY SUCCESSION: ● SECONDARY SUCCESSION = some kind of change happens, but soil (& some life forms) remain -Fire -Land cleared / plowed ● Change in species is also gradual, but typically takes less time than primary succession, because… -Seeds in the soil from previous vegetation take over

39. 4.4 & 4.5 – Biomes & Aquatic Ecosystems

40. Major Types of Ecosystems: BIOMES!

41. BIOMES: ● BIOME = large group of ecosystems that share similar climate & soil type ● Biomes are located on land (TERRESTRIAL) and in water (AQUATIC)

42. 4.4 - TERRESTRIAL BIOMES: ● Two abiotic factors that affect terrestrial biomes are temperature and precipitation ● 10 major types of terrestrial biomes:

43. Terrestrial Biomes: ● Tropical Rain Forest ● Tropical Dry Forest

44. Terrestrial Biomes: ● Tropical Grassland / Savanna ● Desert

45. Terrestrial Biomes: ● Temperate Grassland ● Temperate Woodland / Shrubland

46. Terrestrial Biomes: ● Temperate (deciduous) Forest ● Northwestern Coniferous Forest

47. Terrestrial Biomes: ● Boreal Forest / Taiga ● Tundra

48. 4.5 - Aquatic Biomes: ● Marine: saltwater conc. of 3%; cover about 75% of Earth’s surface ● Freshwater: saltwater conc. of less than 1%

49. AQUATIC BIOMES: 1) MARINE BIOMES: -refers to salt waters (oceans, seas) -contains the largest amount of biomass (living material) -PHOTIC ZONE: shallow, sunlit  EX: rocky shores, sandy beaches, mudflats -APHOTIC ZONE: deeper, no sunlight

52. Marine Biomes: Intertidal Zone Coastal Zone Open Ocean Coral Reefs

53. AQUATIC BIOMES: ● TIDES: -rise and fall of ocean tides are caused by the sun and moon’s gravitational pull -INTERTIDAL ZONE: portion of shoreline that is between high and low tides  Size of I.T. zone varies depending on slope of land and height of tide

54. AQUATIC BIOMES: ● Areas where salt water and fresh water meet are called ESTUARIES -salinity (amount of salt) ranges between very salty to fresh water -changes with the tides

55. AQUATIC BIOMES: 2) FRESHWATER BIOMES: -rivers, streams, lakes, ponds -limiting factors: light and temperature