2. Rewind your Mind and Meiosis Creating Gamete Cells

3. REWIND YOUR MIND………………..MITOSIS Mitosis is division of the nucleus. This process occurs in 4 phases: PROPHASE METAPHASE ANAPHASE TELOPHASE The final stage is called Cytokinesis which is division of the cytoplasm. This results in the formation of 2 genetically identical daughter cells. Mitosis takes place in somatic (body) cells. These cells are said to be diploid because they contain twice the number of Chromosomes or 2n.

4. First let’s Rewind Your Mind……. DNA is made of millions of nucleotides in the shape of a double helix! Adenine pairs with Thymine Cytosine pairs with Guanine The sequence of the nitrogen bases makes all living things unique. When DNA makes a copy of itself, it is called DNA Replication

5. DeoxyriboNucleic RiboNucleic NEVER CAN 21 Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine DeoxyriboseRibose

6. TRANSCRIPTION  TRANSLATION  PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: Label the picture below Transcription Translation Protein or Amino Acid Chain Transcription is when the mRNA copies the protein code from the DNA. This takes place in the nucleus. DNA reads: TAC CAT GGG GAT ACT mRNA copies: AUG GUA CCC CUA UGA Translation is when the tRNA reads the mRNA codons and brings the appropriate amino acids to the ribosome to create an amino acid chain (protein or polypeptide) mRNA reads: AUG GUA CCC CUA UGA Translated to Amino acids: Met – Val – Pro – Leu - STOP

7. Mutations and Genetic Disorders

8. Introduction to Genetic Mutations 1.Most genetic disorders result from a mutation in one gene. a.Mutation: a change in an organism’s genetic material (DNA) 2.A mutated gene produces a flawed protein that does not function properly or does not function at all. a.Examples of genetic disorders that are caused by the mutation of one gene: Hemophilia, sickle cell anemia, and cystic fibrosis. Normal blood cells Sickle- shaped blood cells

9. Causes of Mutations 1.Mutagens: environmental factors that can cause some mutations 2.Examples of mutagens: a.UV radiation b.Pollution c.Certain chemicals d.Viruses UV radiation can cause mutations. Viruses can cause mutations.

10. Germ Cell Mutations 1.Germ cells: cells that produce gametes (egg & sperm cells) 2.When an egg or sperm cell containing mutations combine to produce offspring, the mutation will be present in ALL of the offspring’s body cells.

11. BODY Cell Mutations 1. Body cell: any cell that is not a gamete, such as a skin or bone cell 2. Mutations happen in cells & build up over time 3. Most cancers are a result of a build up of mutated cells – after a while, there are so many mutated cells that they become cancerous (divide out of control)

12. POINT MUTATIONS: Base-Pair Substitution Substitution 1.Base-Pair Substitutions: one base is replaced with the wrong letter a)Also called point mutations b)Examples: Some forms of cystic fibrosis Type B blood Sickle-cell anemia

13. Point Mutations: Silent Gene Mutations 1.Silent mutation: a change in a base pair into another that codes for the same amino acid 2.Examples: a.Type B blood

14. Point Mutations: Missense Mutations 1.Missense Mutations: point mutation that still codes for an amino acid, just the wrong amino acid 2.May or may not be harmful

15. Point Mutations: Nonsense Mutations 1.Nonsense mutations: prematurely code for stop codon a)Result: a nonfunctional protein

16. Deletion FRAMESHIFT Mutations: Deletion 1.Deletion: one or more of the bases is deleted from the code a)Causes a frameshift in the reading of the DNA. b)Usually ends up causing a missense or a nonsense mutation.

17. Insertion Frameshift Mutations: Insertion 1.Insertion: one or more base pairs are inserted into the code a)Causes a frameshift in the reading frame b)Usually ends up making a missense or a nonsense mutation.

18. MEIOSIS: a process by which the number of homologous chromosomes per cell is reduced by half the number and is referred to as haploid cells (n).

19. Meiosis only happens in Gametes ( sex cells – egg or sperm)

20. MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS 2 4 Identical Different Somatic (body) Gamete (Sex) Skin, Liver, Heart… Sperm & Egg 46 23 Once Twice animals, plants, and fungi All organisms

21. What are homologous chromosomes? a similar pair of chromosomes, one from the father & one from the mother

22. What is a Diploid Cell? A cell that contains 2 complete sets of homologous chromosomes is said to be diploid or 2n Somatic (body cells) are diploid cells. Blood cells Brain cells Nerve cells Liver cells

23. What is a Haploid Cell? A cell that contains 1 complete set of chromosomes. These are called gametes or sex cells (egg or sperm)

24. Meiosis: production of gametes Alternating stages –chromosome number must be reduced diploid  haploid 2n  n –humans: 46  23 meiosis reduces chromosome number makes gametes –fertilization restores chromosome number haploid  diploid n  2n haploid diploid

25. Meiosis I and Meiosis II resulting in 4 haploid daughter cells with “n” number of chromosomes There are 2 distinct divisions of meiosis: Interphase I Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Metaphase II Telephase II and Cytokinesis

26. Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a structure called a tetrad. There are 4 chromatids in a tetrad. Meiosis I - Prophase I

27. Overview of meiosis I.P.M.A.T.P.M.A.T interphase 1prophase 1metaphase 1anaphase 1 telophase 1 prophase 2 metaphase 2anaphase 2telophase 2 2n = 4 n = 2

28. As homologous chromosomes pair up, they exchange genetic information in a process called crossing over producing new combinations of alleles – accounting for variation among species.

29. Sexual Reproduction Creates Genetic Variability Sexual reproduction allows us to maintain both genetic similarity & differences. Baldwin brothers Jonas Brothers Martin (dad) Charlie Sheen Emilio Estevez Wayan Brothers Jackson Brothers

30. Gamete (sex cell) Formation in Meiosis 2n n n nn Sperm - male Egg- female Polar Bodies 2n n Human Sperm + Human Egg Human Zygote 23+ 23 = 46 N+ N = 2N

31. 2n n n nn MITOSIS vsMEIOSIS

32. KARYOTYPE: A photograph of all the chromosomes inside a somatic (body) cell placed from largest to smallest with sex chromosomes at the end.