1. Applied Poultry Nutrition M.E. Persia Iowa State University

2. Digestive Anatomy  Beak no lips or teeth  Little insalivation  Few taste buds  Large eyes

3. Digestive Anatomy  Feed storage  Similar to checks in chipmunks  Similar to rumen  Why?

4. Crop – Feed Storage  Adaptation to feeding behavior Feeding Area Cover

5. Digestive Anatomy  Gizzard or Ventriculus  Mastication  Rough inner lining  Grit  Muscular grinding

6. Discussion Question Which diet would result in a larger gizzard and what are the productive consequences?

7. Digestive Anatomy  Paired  Relative size…

8. Relative Importance of the Hindgut Cecal/Colon Capacity % of Total Digestive Tract Horse61.3 Ox10.7 Sheep and Goats12.7 Pigs37.3 Dogs14.4 Cat15.9 Chicken 1.1 WHY?

9. Digestive Anatomy  Exit point for feces, urine and egg

10. What are Nutrients Used For?  Maintenance of life  Heat to maintain body temperature  Energy for vital body processes (including immune function)  Energy for movement  Nutrients to repair and renew cells and tissue  Important distinction no net gain or loss of body weight  Mostly energy – but also amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals  Factors affecting nutrient requirements ExerciseWeatherStressHealth Body sizeTemperamentProductionIndividual variation

11. What are Nutrients Used For?  Growth (also called production or productive)  Increase in size of bones, muscles, internal organs etc…  Preferential growth vital organs grow faster, followed by muscle tissue (Schmidt et al, 2012)

12. Discussion Question Why would a younger animal (smaller) be more efficient?

13. Utilization of Energy Gross Energy Digestible Energy Fecal Energy Metabolizable Energy Urinary Energy Net Energy Heat Increment Net Energy Production Net Energy Maintenance