1. Engineering the New Built Environment June 20, 2015 Linda Nozick

2. Population Growth United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects, The 2008 Revision

3. Urbanization About half the world’s population (53%) lives in urban environments Increasing over time thousands % of total population % growth 19902013199022013320134 World 2,256,38 6 3,762,88 443532.1 Low income107,424254,46822303.9 Lower middle income533,236993,99031392.6 Upper middle income782,978 1,488,50 741622.3 High income832,748 1,025,91 874800.8 Higher incomes are associated with increased urbanization World Bank 2015

4. MegaCities Maybe 12 more by 2030

5. Societal Challenge Much of the wave in urbanization is motivated by economic opportunity Creating robust infrastructure sufficiently fast –Transportation –Housing –Education –Energy –Health care –etc. Preserving the environment

6. Historical Focus for Engineering the Built Environment

7. Transition to Supporting Human Activities Integration of engineering with –Behavioral sciences –Economics –Public health Systems thinking

8. 8 Northeast/Midwest/Ontario Power failure on August 14 th –Major disruptions in transportation, water, wastewater treatment systems –Closed airports –Closed the New York Subway and commuter rail lines –Disrupted Amtrak service in the Northeast –Widespread loss of power at cellular base stations –Etc. Motivation for a Focus on “Systems”

9. Many types Affects individuals, families, environment, economy and social structures Trade-offs are made in decisions about the built environment –Building codes –Hospitals –Transportation system –Communication system 2001 Seattle 1994 Northridge Natural Hazards 2005 Katerina 2012 Sandy

10. Electric Power System Interdependencies Rinaldi et al. 2001

11. Systems Perspective is Focused on Understanding Linkages New Starting Point: Holistic Travel Needs Historical focus was work trips Oak Ridge National Labs. 2001

12. MetaSUB: Metagenomics and Metadesign of the World’s Subways The built environment is clearly connected to: –Disease spread –Prevalence of chronic disease Pollutions Lifestyles choices that contribute to heart disease, diabetes, etc. Are there connections between specific human activities and the prevalence of certain microbes? –Antibiotic resistance bacteria