3. Plasma membrane ◦ Surrounds and protects cell ◦ Separates cell from environment  DNA ◦ Codes genetic instructions  Organelles ◦ Internal structures for special functions

4.  Prokaryotic cells ◦ Bacteria and archaea ◦ Single celled organisms ◦ No membrane-bound organelles  Eukaryotic cells ◦ Organelles enclosed by membranes ◦ Nucleus contains DNA ◦ May be unicellular or multicellular

5. This living protozoan is the common freshwater Paramecium multimicronucleatum that moves by means of its numerous cilia. Paramecia feed on smaller organisms which are swept into the oral groove by beating cilia. Food and water are stored in vacuoles and this species may have as many as seven nuclei. LM X100. Unicellar, eukaryotic cell

6. Salmonella bacteria showing its peritrichous flagella used in locomotion. TEM X13,250. Prokaryotic cell

7. DNA and RNA

8.  Transmits information from one generation to the next  Contains 4 types of nucleotides  Makes up genes  Codes for proteins  Genetic code is virtually universal.

9.  Asexual reproduction ◦ Low genetic variability ◦ Example: Binary fission  Sexual reproduction ◦ High genetic variability ◦ Fusion of egg and sperm cell to produce a fertilized egg  DNA and RNA direct the development of new organism

10.  Most plants and animals reproduce sexually

12.  The Unifying Concept of Biology  Theory of Evolution ◦ Explains changes in populations over time  Evolution ◦ Processes by which populations change over time

14. ◦ Energy from the sun is used to take up carbon dioxide from the environment and convert it into fuel molecules

15.  Organisms extract energy from fuel molecules which is used to make ATP  Processes of glycolysis, aerobic respiration

16.  Producers (autotrophs) ◦ Make their own food ◦ Transform light energy to chemical energy through photosynthesis ◦ Example?  Consumers (heterotrophs) ◦ Use energy stored by producers through cellular respiration ◦ Example?  Decomposers (heterotrophs) ◦ Break down wastes and dead organisms ◦ Example?

18. Is hierarchical Includes chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism levels

19. Includes population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere levels

20. Nucleus Organism Organ system Organ Tissue Cell Organelle Macromolecule Molecule Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere Water Oxygen atom Hydrogen atoms Bone cells Fig. 1-6, p. 7

21. Figure 1.6 From Molecules to the Biosphere: The Hierarchy of Life (Part 1) Atoms make up molecules. Molecules are organized into cells Atom Neuron Ganglion

22. Ecosystem

23. Binomial system

24.  Taxonomy is science of naming and classifying organisms  Classification used to be based on physical similarities, now based on genetic relatedness

25. Biologists use a binomial system for classifying organisms  Linnaeus developed the system of classification used today  Binomial nomenclature describes the genus and species of the organism ◦ Each species is identified by two names ◦ Rana pipiens North leopard frog ◦ Rana sylvaticawood frog ◦ Genus name (capitalized) followed by species name (not capitalized). Both names should be underlined or italicized.

26. Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

27. SPECIES Pan troglodytes GENUS Pan FAMILY Pongidae ORDER Primates CLASS Mammalia PHYLUM Chordata KINGDOM Animalia DOMAIN Eukarya Fig. 1-8, p. 10 Stepped Art

28. SPECIES Pan troglodytes GENUS Pan FAMILY Pongidae ORDER Primates CLASS Mammalia PHYLUM Chordata KINGDOM Animalia DOMAIN Eukarya Fig. 1-8, p. 10 Stepped Art HUMAN??

29. The tree of life includes three major branches, or domains, and six kingdoms

30. Fungi Six Kingdoms: BacteriaEukaryaArchaea BacteriaArchaeaProtistaPlantaeAnimalia Common ancestor of all organisms Fig. 1-9, p. 12 Three Domains:

31.  Bacteria  Archaea  Eukarya  Bacteria and Archaea cells are prokaryotic  Eukarya cells are eukaryotic

32.  Bacterial cells are prokaryotes ◦ Pro-before ◦ karyon-nucleus  Lack a membrane-bound nucleus  Have a nuclear region called “nucleoid” which contains the hereditary material, DNA  Less complex than eukaryotic cells

33.  Eu-good  Karyon-nucleus  Genetic material found in a membrane- enclosed compartment called the nucleus

34. ◦ Prokaryotic ◦ One kingdom in Archaea called Archaea

35.  Prokaryotic  One kingdom in domain called Bacteria (or Eubacteria)

36.  Protista  Plantae  Fungi  Animalia

37.  Kingdom Bacteria ◦ consists of bacteria  Kingdom Archaea ◦ unique group of prokaryotic organisms, which biologists recently have split off from the bacterial kingdom (Bacteria)  Kingdom Protista ◦ protozoans and algae (now called microbial protists)  Kingdom Fungi ◦ mushrooms, molds, and yeasts  Kingdom Plantae ◦ plants  Kingdom Animalia ◦ animals

38.  Activity 26.1: Classification schemes

39.  Plants are multicellular autotrophs ◦ Use light energy to make fuel molecules

40.  Fungi are heterotrophs with absorptive nutrition ◦ Most are multicellular (yeasts are unicellular) ◦ Molds, mushrooms, yeasts ◦ Fungi break down food molecules in their environment and then absorb breakdown products into their cells ◦ Fungi are important decomposers of dead materials of other organisms

41.  Animals are multicellular heterotrophs that obtain food by ingestion.  Ingest food, digest the food outside their cells, absorb breakdown products into their cells

42.  Microbial protists can be either heterotrophic or autotrophic  Unicellular ◦ Few multicellular exceptions exist  Very diverse group of organisms

43.  Compare:  Autotrophic/heterotrophic  Multicellular/unicellular  Eukaryotic/prokaryotic  Ingestive nutrition/absorptive nutrition (heterotrophs)

44.  Eukaryotic  Mostly multicellular  Obtain food by ingestion

45.  Eukaryotic  Mostly multicellular  Obtain food by photosynthesis

46.  Eukaryotic  Mostly multicellular  Obtain food by absorption

47.  Eukaryotic  Multicellular or unicellular  Obtain food by heterotrophism or photosynthesis

48.  Prokaryotic  Often live in extreme environments ◦ High or low temperature ◦ High salt concentration

49.  Prokaryotic  Cell wall contains peptidoglycan

50. reviewforquestions

51.  a.tissue, cell, organ, organ system  b.atom, molecule, cell, tissue  c.cell, tissue, organ system, organ  d.tissue, cell, organ system, organ

52.  a.DNA carries genetic instructions.  b.DNA transmits genetic information.  c.DNA is present in most cells.  d.DNA does not make up genes.

53.  a.Animalia  b.Protista  c.Fungi  d.Plantae

54.  A. genus name  b.order name   c.species name   d.family name

55.  a.prokaryotic cells contain nuclei, eukaryotic cells do   b.prokaryotic cells contain DNA, eukaryotic cells do not  c.prokaryotic cells lack nuclei and other membrane bound organelles, eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles  d.prokaryotic cells are structurally more complex than eukaryotic cells

56.  a.a population   b.a community  c.an ecosystem  d.biosphere

57.  a.systematics  b.biology  c.taxonomy  d.evolution