1. Chapter 6 Religion

2. Agenda Group Activity: Article about Religion and the U.S. Military PPT Lecture…Note taking Videos Exit Ticket Questions

3. Geographers and Religion Geographers study spatial connections in religion: the distinctive place of origin the extent of diffusion the processes by which religions diffused practices and beliefs that lead some to have more widespread distributions.

4. Key Issue 1: Distribution of Religions Universalizing religions Christianity Islam Buddhism Ethnic religions Hinduism Other ethnic religions

5. Universalizing vs. Ethnic Universalizing religion: A religion that attempts to be global, to appeal to all people, wherever they may live in the world, not just to those of one culture or location Ethnic religion: A religion that appeals primarily to one group of people living in one place

6. World Population by Religion Fig. 6-1a: Over two-thirds of the world’s population belong to Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, or Buddhism. Christianity is the single largest world religion.

7. The Three Main Religions The three main universalizing religions are Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism. Each is divided into branches, denominations, and sects. A branch is a large and fundamental division within a religion. A denomination is a division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations. A sect is a relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination.

8. Christianity and it’s Branches Christianity has about 2 billion adherents, far more than any other world religion, and has the most widespread distribution. Christianity has three major branches: Roman Catholic 50% Protestant 25% Eastern Orthodox 10% Remaining 15% consists of African, Asian, and Latin American Churches

9. Christian Branches in Europe Fig. 6-2: Protestant denominations, Catholicism, and Eastern Orthodoxy are dominant in different regions of Europe—a result of many historic interactions.

10. The Eastern Orthodox Church More than 40 percent of all Eastern Orthodox Christians belong to the Russian Orthodox Church, established in the sixteenth century. The Romanian church, includes 20 percent of all Eastern Orthodox Christians. The remaining 40 percent are included in 12 churches.

11. Christianity in the Western Hemisphere The overwhelming percentage of people living in the Western Hemisphere—about 90 percent—are Christian. Roman Catholics comprise 95 % of Christians in Latin America, compared with 25 % in North America. Within North America, Roman Catholics are clustered in the southwestern and northeastern United States and the Canadian province of Québec. The three largest Protestant denominations in the United States are Baptist, Methodist, and Pentecostal.

12. Christian Branches in the U.S. Fig. 6-3: Distribution of Christians in the U.S. Shaded areas are counties with more than 50% of church membership concentrated in Roman Catholicism or one of the Protestant denominations.

13. Questions 1. Why are most of the Roman Catholics in the United States clustered in the Southwestern portion of the United States? 2. Why do you think there a significant cluster of Roman Catholics in the far Northeast?

14. Questions 1. Why are most of the Roman Catholics in the United States clustered in the Southwestern portion of the United States? Close proximity to Mexico, and Latin America…earliest immigrants into modern U.S. were Catholics. 2. Why do you think there a significant cluster of Roman Catholics in the far Northeast? Due to rapid influx during mid-19th century of Irish, German, Italian and Polish immigrants from Europe.

15. Islam Islam, the religion of 1.2 billion people, is the predominant religion of the Middle East from North Africa to Central Asia. However, half of the world’s Muslims live in four countries outside the Middle East: Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India.

16. Branches of Islam Islam is divided into two important branches: Sunni (from the Arabic word for orthodox) Shiite (from the Arabic word for sectarian, sometimes written Shia in English) Sunnis comprise 83 % of Muslims and are the largest branch in most Muslim countries. 16 % of Muslims are Shiites, clustered in a handful of countries.

17. Buddhism Buddhism, the third of the world’s major universalizing religions, has 350 million adherents, especially in China and Southeast Asia. Like the other two universalizing religions, Buddhism split into more than one branch. The three main branches are  Mahayana.  Theravada.  Tantrayana. An accurate count of Buddhists is especially difficult, because only a few people participate in Buddhist institutions.

18. Buddhism The foundation is based on the Four Noble Truths: 1. All living beings must endure suffering 2. Suffering, which is caused y a desire to live, leads to reincarnation (repeated rebirth in new bodies or forms of life) 3. Reaching Nirvana, the escape from suffering and the endless cycle of reincarnation; its achieved through mental and moral self-purfication 4. Nirvana is attained more specifically through an Eightfold Path path: Rightness of belief, Resolve, Speech, Action, livelihood, effort, thought, and meditation

19. Other Universalizing Religions Sikhism and Bahá’I are the two universalizing religions other than Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism with the largest numbers of adherents. Sikhism’s developed around 1500 AD in present-day Pakistan. The Bahá’I religion is even more recent than Sikhism. (1844)

20. Ethnic Religions The ethnic religion with by far the largest number of followers is Hinduism. With 900 million adherents, Hinduism is the world’s third- largest religion, behind Christianity and Islam. Ethnic religions typically have much more clustered distributions than do universalizing religions. 97% of Hindus are concentrated in one country, India. 2% are in the neighboring country of Nepal, and the remaining one percent are dispersed around the world.

21. Hinduism The appropriate form of worship for any two individuals may not be the same. Hinduism does not have a central authority or a single holy book. The largest number of adherents—an estimated 70%— worships the god Vishnu, a loving god incarnated as Krishna. An estimated 25% adhere to Siva, a protective and destructive god.

22. Other Ethnic Religions Several hundred million people practice ethnic religions in East Asia, especially in China and Japan. Buddhism does not compete for adherents with Confucianism, Daoism, and other ethnic religions in China, because many Chinese accept the teachings of both universalizing and ethnic religions.

23. Shintoism Since ancient times, Shintoism has been the distinctive ethnic religion of Japan. Ancient Shintoists considered forces of nature to be divine, especially the Sun and Moon, as well as rivers, trees, rocks, mountains, and certain animals. Shintoism still thrives in Japan, although no longer as the official state religion.

24. Judaism About 6 million Jews live in the United States, 4 million in Israel, 2 million in former Soviet Union republics, and 2 million elsewhere. Judaism plays a more substantial role in Western civilization than its number of adherents would suggest, because two of the three main universalizing religions— Christianity and Islam—find some of their roots in Judaism.

25. ESTIMATED JEWISH POPULATION BY CONTINENTS AND MAJOR GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS: (Figures rounded of to the nearest 100,000) World Population 13.3 million Diaspora 8.35 million 63% -N. America 6.5 million; 46% -Europe 1.6 million; 12% -S. America, Africa, Asia, Australia 5% Israel 4.95 million 37%

26. The top twelve Jewish populations in the world are: The placement ratings in parentheses reflect alternative population estimates. 1USA 6,500,000 2Israel 4,950,000 3France 600,000 (750,000) 4Canada 364,000 5Britain 275,000 6Russia 275,000 (650,000) 7Argentina 197,000 (250,000) 8Ukraine 112,000 9Germany 98,000 (115,000) 10Brazil 97,500 11South Africa 88,000 (65,000) 12Hungary 55,000 (100,000)

27. Play Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l3gpkP-Atpc

28. Exit Ticket Questions 1. Which of the following is NOT a universalizing religion? a. Islam b. Christianity c. Hinduism d. Buddhism 2. Which of the following is NOT a branch of Christianity? a. Lutheranism b. Orthodoxy c. Roman Catholicism d. Protestantism

29. Exit Ticket Questions, Cont. 3. What was the first major religion known to espouse monotheism? a. Islam b. Christianity c. Hinduism d. Judaism