1. 9.1 Notes: New Scientific Ideas

2. Warm-Up  Make a list of what you believe are the top 10 inventions of all time.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bNU fZ3_VkuE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bNU fZ3_VkuE  Do you agree with the ten that were chosen in the video? Why or why not?

3. Overview  Most Europeans believed that the world was flat.  In the 1600s, these ideas would change as a scientific revolution spread throughout Europe.  New technology, combined with innovative approaches to seeking knowledge, led to a breakthrough in Western thought.

4. Nicholas Copernicus  Started his scientific career the same year that Christopher Columbus reached the Americas (1492).  Like Columbus, Copernicus began his questioning in a time where few people dared to question age-old beliefs.  Through his studies, Copernicus found that ideas that were commonly accepted about the universe were wrong!

5. Copernicus Continued  Copernicus believed that the Earth was round and it revolved around the sun, which was at the center of the universe.  To avoid persecution, Copernicus worked in privacy and did not publish his ideas.  His friends published his theories right before his death.

6. New Theories about the Universe  Other scientists took Copernicus’s ideas and ventured into further scientific understanding of the universe.  Copernicus had based his hypotheses, or theories that attempt to explain a set of facts, on study and observations.

7. Tycho Brahe  Set up an observatory to study heavenly bodies.  Discovered information on planetary movements.

8. Johannes Kepler  German astronomer and mathematician.  Used Brahe’s data and found that the planets do revolve around the sun.  Also found that the planets move in oval paths (ellipses), and not in circles as Copernicus had believed.  His beliefs challenged the teachings of many academic and religious leaders.

9. Galileo Galilei  Built his own telescope in 1609 and would observe the night skies.  His discovery of moons circling a planet convinced him that the Copernican theory about the Earth revolving around the sun was correct.  “You cannot teach a man anything; you can only help him find it within himself.”  Agree or Disagree?

10. Galileo Continued  He published his findings in 1632 but the Catholic church quickly banned the book.  Galileo was sent to Rome to stand trial.  Galileo recanted a majority of his statements and stated that he had “gone too far” with his writings so that he would escape death.  But, Galileo continued with his work after the trial.  Established the universal laws of physics and the law of inertia.

11. Bringing home the Bacon  Francis Bacon  English philosopher  Claimed that ideas based solely on tradition or unproven facts should be discarded completely.  Helped develop the scientific method.

12. Scientific Method  1. Come up with a question  2. Gather information  3. Make a guess based on your observations  4. Run experiments to test your guess.  5. Analyze results  6. Present a conclusion

13. Rene Descartes  Believed that truth must be reached through reason.  The inventor of analytical geometry.  Published Discourse on Method, to explain his philosophy on mathematics.

14. Isaac Newton  Studied the works of Copernicus and Galileo at Cambridge University.  In 1655, an outbreak of the plague closed the university and forced Newton to return home to his family’s farm.  There, he began his groundbreaking studies in mathematics and physics.  Develops calculus.  His work greatly suggested that precise mathematical formulas could be used to describe an orderly universe.  https://vimeo.com/88634729 https://vimeo.com/88634729

15. The Apple of my Eye!  While sitting in his garden one day, Newton watched an apple fall to the ground.  The apple’s fall led him to the idea of gravity.

16. Anatomy  French lawmakers in the 1500s considered dissecting human bodies illegal.  The scientists on these following slides made great advances in anatomy, despite limitations set on dissecting human bodies.

17. Andreas Vesalius  Could not accept Galen’s views on human anatomy because he had based these views on dissected apes and dogs, NOT humans.  By dissecting human bodies in secret, Vesalius made groundbreaking discoveries in anatomy.  In 1543, he published his work in On the Structure of the Human Body.

19. William Harvey  English physician  Concluded that blood circulates throughout the body, pumped by the heart and returning through the veins.  His findings astounded the medical world.

20. Robert Hooke  Found the cell.  By using the newly invented microscope, Hooke recognized cells in vegetable tissue.  He called them “cells” because they reminded him of the cells that monks lived in.

21. Robert Boyle  Boyle studied air and determined it was not one single element.  He proved that air could not be a basic element because it was a mixture of several different gases.  What gasses make up air?

22. Joseph Priestley  An English chemist and clergyman.  Conducted further experiments into the properties of air.  Discovered the existence of the element of oxygen.  Invented carbonated drinks.

23. Antoine Lavoisier  French scientist.  He discovers the nature of combustion  The result of the chemical union of a flammable material with oxygen.  Fire needs oxygen to burn!

24. Marie Lavoisier  Contributed significantly to her husband’s work.  Translated English and Latin scientific essays and books for him.  Condensed articles so that he could be informed on many scientific subjects.  She illustrated her husband’s writing.

25. Hometown Hero!  Benjamin Franklin, an American scientist and inventor, performed an experiment to prove his theory that lightning is electricity.  During a thunderstorm, Franklin flew a homemade kite with a wire attached to it.  A bolt of lightning struck the wire and traveled down the wet kite string to a key fastened at the end, where it caused an electric spark.  Extra: Which bill is Franklin’s face on?  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ki9mY6gMFp A https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ki9mY6gMFp A

26. Wrap-Up  On a piece of paper, match the scientist to their great discovery.  This will be a great way to quickly study the important people we learned today and their contributions to the world.  Example:  Ben Franklin: Discovers Electricity  Isaac Newton: Gravity on Earth

27. Wrap-Up: VLA’s  Top 10 Dumbest Inventions Ever  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TgSfTN Qh1yU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TgSfTN Qh1yU  20 Inventions We Shouldn’t Live Without  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mJ05s 4W8jPk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mJ05s 4W8jPk  Weird Science  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jm- upHSP9KU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jm- upHSP9KU