2. Tuesday 3/22/2016 Agenda: Welcome Back!! Biogeochemical Cycles—Water Cycle  Review: Policies and Seating Chart  Notes: Water Cycle  Activity: Bill Nye with Worksheet Homework/Classwork Quarter 4 Notebook due Monday 3/28/2016 for 50 Points

3. Necessary Materials for the Science Folders  All I.S. students will be REQUIRED maintain & Folders (1 per quarter) ONLY for Biology!!  They will be graded periodically  Students may use them as a resource while studying for the exams  Materials Needed:  1 folder per quarter (4 total for the year) with prongs in the center  Loose leaf paper  Pens/Pencils  DUE MONDAY 3/28/2016

4. Bio geo chemical Cycles  Energy does NOT get recycled through an ecosystem, but chemicals (nutrients) do!  Water and minerals, such as carbon (C), nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P), are recycled and reused by plants, animals and humans.  Nutrients are recycled through living and dead animals (and humans), the atmosphere, the oceans, and rocks. ANSWER: Biogeochemical Cycles “Bio” – Life “Geo” – Earth “Chemical” – Chemical Cycle – a periodically repeated sequence of events QUESTION: How does our planet, as a whole, work to recycle its resources and provide life?

5. The 4 Main Bio geo chemical Cycles  Carbon Cycle - Photosynthesis and cellular respiration.  Water Cycle - Evaporation, Transpiration, Condensation, Precipitation and Collection  Nitrogen Cycle - death and waste; nitrogen- fixing bacteria; reintroduced to soil for plants; plants feed animals

6. Atmospheric Processes –The Water (Hydrological) Cycle Evaporation – ◦ The sun heats up water in rivers, lakes or the ocean ◦ Turns it into vapor or steam ◦ Water vapor or steam leaves rivers, lakes, or oceans & goes into the atmosphere Transpiration – ◦ Plants lose water out of their leaves ◦ Transpiration puts water vapor back up into the atmosphere.  So…you might ask…do plants sweat? Well, sort of.... people perspire (sweat) and plants transpire.  Condensation – ◦ Water vapor in the atmosphere gets cold & changes back into liquid, forming clouds, in the atmosphere

7. Atmospheric Processes –The Water (Hydrological) Cycle Precipitation – ◦ Water has condensed to the point that the air in the atmosphere cannot hold it anymore. ◦ Clouds get heavy & water falls back to the earth in the form of rain, hail, sleet or snow Collection/Infiltration/Runoff – ◦ Water falls back to earth from the atmosphere as precipitation ◦ May fall into oceans, lakes or rivers or on land  “Collection” ◦ On land, it will either soak into the earth or become part of the groundwater that plants & animals use to drink  “Infiltration” ◦ May run over the soil & collect in oceans, lakes or rivers where the cycle starts all over again  “Runoff”

8. Atmospheric Processes –The Water (Hydrological) Cycle

9. Wednesday/Thursday 3/23-3/24/2016 Agenda : Biogeochemical Cycles-- Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles  Video: Bill Nye Water Cycle https://vimeo.com/113539794  Notes: Carbon Cycle  Activity: Carbon Cycle Crossword  Notes: Nitrogen Cycle  Activity: Nitrogen Cycle Packet  Activity: Nitrogen Cycle Mind Map Homework/Classwork 1. Quarter 4 Notebook due Monday 3/28/2016 for 50 Points (GRADEBOOK) 2. Nitrogen Cycle Packet due Today 3/23/2016 for 30 Points (GRADEBOOK) 3. Nitrogen Mind Map due Monday 3/28/2016 (STAMPSHEET)

10. Q: The water you are drinking out of your water bottle may have come from: A. Groundwater stored in the pores and spaces in the ground below you…also known as an “aquifer”. B. Your great-grandmother’s spit C. Water evaporated from Tempe Town Lake D. All of the above A: D. All of the above!

11. The Carbon Cycle  When or where have we heard about CARBON so far this year?  CARBON is an element on the Periodic Table of Elements  CARBON dioxide gas – atmosphere (greenhouse gas, global warming, etc)  Solid CARBON dioxide – dry ice  CARBON dioxide gas – CARBON ation of soda  Humans/animals breathe out CARBON dioxide gas  Trees/plants take in CARBON dioxide gas in photosynthesis

12. The Carbon Cycle  Carbon (C) is cycled between atmosphere, land, water and organisms  Carbon : essential element that makes up proteins, fats, carbohydrates and YOU!  Where does Carbon come from and get stored? “Sinks” or “Reservoirs”

13. The Carbon Cycle  Where does Carbon come from and get stored?  In the ATMOSPHERE: CO 2 in air, cellular respiration, burning wood and fossil fuels (global warming?)  On the LAND:  Trees/plants take in CO 2 from the air during photosynthesis  Animals and human eat trees/plants & get carbohydrates  Animals/humans break down carbs thru cellular respiration & CO 2 is released to atmosphere  Limestone (carbon rock)  Dead organisms (fossil fuels, oil, coal)

14. The Carbon Cycle  Where does Carbon come from and get stored?  In the WATER (oceans): Dead organisms and dissolved CO 2 from air  In ORGANISMS: Body cells are made of carbon, carbonates (shells, bones) and fats, oils, other molecules

15. ATMOSPHERE LAND & ROCK WATER ORGANISMS FOSSIL FUEL

16. The Carbon Cycle Processes  Photosynthesis - takes carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and water (H 2 O) and produces carbohydrates and oxygen.  CO 2 + H 2 O + energy (sun) C 6 H 12 O6 & O 2  Respiration - takes carbohydrates and oxygen and combines them to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy.  C 6 H 12 O 6 & O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O + energy  The OUTPUTS of respiration are the INPUTS of photosynthesis, and the OUTPUTS of photosynthesis are the INPUTS of respiration.

17. Terrestrial Carbon Cycle Diagram

18. The Carbon Cycle

19. The Carbon Cycle Continued  In the carbon cycle, there are various sinks or reservoirs that store carbon.  The amount of carbon being exchanged in each process determines whether the specific sink/reservoir is growing (more space to hold C) or shrinking (less space to hold C).  The MAIN sinks/reservoirs for carbon dioxide are in the oceans and in rock.  Currently, the ocean sink/reservoir is growing

20. The Carbon Cycle Continued  Carbon in the OCEANS :  Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) dissolves easily in water (just like in your soda).  Once CO 2 is dissolved in ocean water, it may precipitate (fall out of solution) as a solid rock known as calcium carbon ate (limestone).  This is how ocean reefs are made.  Dissolved carbon dioxide is also used by marine plants for photosynthesis. Limestone (made from calcium carbonate)

21. The Carbon Cycle Continued  Carbon and human activities:  Two additional processes in the carbon cycle are fossil fuel burning and changing land use.  Fossil fuel burning – when coal, oil, natural gas, and gasoline are consumed by industry, power plants, and automobiles.  ALL living organisms are made of carbon  “Fossil” – remains of something that was once living  Fossil fuels come from deeply buried and compacted plant and animal remains containing carbon  Changing land use = deforestation, urbanization  Deforestation: The loss of forests due to over-cutting or burning of trees.  Urbanization: The p rocess of cities growing larger (more buildings, malls, parking lots, homes, etc and less green spaces)

22. The Nitrogen Cycle  Nitrogen is an important nutrient in the ecosystem  Used to make organic molecules: amino acids, proteins, DNA  The nitrogen cycle is the process by which atmospheric nitrogen is converted to ammonia (NH 3 ) or nitrates (NO 3 ).  Moves slowly through the cycle  Nitrogen is essential to all living systems, but most nitrogen is found in the atmosphere, so…  for an organism to be able to use it, nitrogen must first be combined (“fixed”) with hydrogen (H) or oxygen (O).  This process is called nitrogen fixation.

23. Nitrogen Sinks/Reservoirs  Where is nitrogen stored or retained?  Animals and their waste  Atmosphere  Decomposers (bacteria and fungi) in soil and plants  Plants  Soil  Water  Main sink/reservoir is the atmosphere  Gas = N 2 (di nitrogen ) ~80%

24. The Nitrogen Cycle Continued  Nitrogen is removed from the atmosphere by:  lightning and  nitrogen -fixing bacteria.  Lightning storms – cause large amounts of di nitrogen (N 2 ) to be broken apart, combined with oxygen (NO 3 ) and dissolved in rain water…  Produces an acid that falls to the earth in rain – Nitrates  Nitrates are taken up by plants and made into proteins to make plant tissue.

25. The Nitrogen Cycle Continued  How do animals get nitrogen ?  Nitrogen passes through the food chain  Animals consume plants or other animals that contain organic molecules composed partially of nitrogen  Nitrogen is then put back into soil as waste or when an organism dies.  This is called mineralization.

26. The Nitrogen Cycle Continued  How do animals get nitrogen ?  Decomposers in the soil break down the waste/decay  After the nitrogen compounds break down, ammonia (NH 3 ) is left.  This process is called ammonification.  The ammonia is then either  taken up by plants,  dissolved in water, or  held in soil where bacteria convert it to nitrates (NO 3 ).  This process is called nitrification.

27. The Nitrogen Cycle diagram

28. The NITROGEN PACKET  Read and annotate EACH SENTENCE IN THE ARTICLE!!!  Fill in the diagram with the correct diagram statements  Answer the questions in COMPLETE SENTENCES  This is due TODAY FOR 30 POINTS!!!

29. ECOLOGY Energy Transfer/Flow Types of Organisms Ecology of Organisms Population

30. WHAT IS ECOLOGY?  THE STUDY OF THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ORGANISMS AND THE LIVING AND NON-LIVING COMPONENTS OF THEIR ENVIRONMENT.

31. Energy Transfer  All organisms need energy to carry out essential functions, such as growth, movement, maintenance & repair, reproduction and thinking.  The amount of energy an ecosystem receives & the amount that is transferred from organism to organism has an important effect on the ecosystem’s structure.

32. Energy Transfer Vocabulary  Producer – Autotrophic organisms  Consumer – Heterotrophic organisms  Decomposer – break down dead plants, animals, and waste.  Trophic Level – refers to the organism’s position in the food chain.  Food Chain – starts with producers and moves up through various levels of consumers.  Food Web – several interrelating food chains.

33. Vocabulary Continued  Inorganic nutrients – lack carbon-carbon bonds, it’s what is leftover after decomposition.  Example:  Phosphorus – from teeth, bones, and cell membranes  Nitrogen – from amino acids (form proteins)  Iron – from blood  Invasive/introduced species – an organism that is not originally from the environment it’s currently living in.  Herbivore – an organism that gets its energy by consuming plants.  Carnivore – an organism that gets its energy consuming meat.  Omnivore – an organism that gets its energy by consuming both plants and meat.

34. Invasive Species Snake Head Fish from the Potomac River $100 billion. That is the price tag on the environmental damage caused by invasive species in the U.S. each year. Originally from Asia. Pampas Grass in CA native to Brazil, Argentina and Chile

35. Invasive Species Fire Ants Palm trees In CA

36. Energy Flow  Whenever one organism consumes another, molecules are metabolized and energy is transferred.  Typically, energy flows through the ecosystem from producers to consumers to decomposers.  But…not everything gets consumed.

37. Energy Flow Through the Ecosystem

38. Key Things to Remember about Energy Flow  The ultimate source of energy (in most ecosystems) is the SUN.  The ultimate fate of energy in the ecosystem is lost as HEAT.  ENERGY and NUTRIENTS are passed from organism to organism through the food chain as one organism consumes another.  Energy is never recycled, but lost as heat.  DECOMPOSERS remove the last energy from the remains of organisms.  INORGANIC NUTRIENTS are recycled.

39. Trophic Levels…where does the energy go?

40. Food Chain

41. Food Web

42. Which of the following would most likely be a producer in a desert ecosystem:  Shrubs and grasses  Kangaroo rats and other rodents  Coyotes  Insects

43. AND THE ANSWER IS… SHRUBS & GRASSES

44. TYPES OF ORGANISMS  AUTOTROPHIC: -organisms that are able to make their own food for energy. EX: plants  HETEROTROPHIC: -organisms that consume food for energy. EX: animals

45. ECOLOGY OF ORGANISMS  BIOTIC FACTORS – Living components in the environment. EX: animals, plants, bacteria…  ABIOTIC FACTORS- non-living components in the environment – physical & chemical characteristics. EX: temperature, pH, humidity, nitrogen..

46. If someone was talking about the temperature and the pH levels in a lake, what type of factors are they talking about?

47. ABIOTIC

48. ECOLOGY OF ORGANISMS CONTINUED  HABITAT- WHERE LIVING ORGANISMS LIVE.  NICHE- A SPECIES WAY OF LIFE, OR THE ROLE THE SPECIES PLAYS IN ITS ENVIRONMENT.

49.  BIOSPHERE- broadest, most inclusive = the thin volume of Earth and its atmosphere that support life.

50.  ECOSYSTEMS- includes all of the organisms and the non-living environment found in a particular place.

51.  COMMUNITIES- includes all the interacting organisms living in an area.

52.  POPULATIONS- includes all the members of a species that live in one place at one time.

53.  ORGANISMS- simplest level= individual

54. If you were referring to koalas living in the same area, you are talking about the….

55. And the answer is…. Population

56. If you were talking about the frogs, fish, and snails in the same area, you would be referring to the…

57. And the answer is… Community

59. PROPERTIES OF POPULATIONS  POPULATION SIZE: -difficult to measure -if small and immobile it is easy -more often than not populations are too abundant, too widespread, and very mobile -scientists must estimate the numbers in a population

60. PROPERTIES OF POPULATIONS  POPULATION DENSITY: -measures how crowded a population is. -expressed as the number of individuals per area or volume  EX: US has a population density of 30 people per square kilometer or 30/km 2.

61. PROPERTIES OF POPULATIONS  DISPERSION:  Spatial distribution of a population  Clumped- individuals are clustered together  Even – individuals are separated by fairly equal distance  Random - each individual’s location is independent of the locations of other individuals in the population

62. POPULATION DYNAMICS: Populations change over time, in size and composition Birth rate – the number of births in period of time Death rate or mortality rate – the number of deaths in a period of time Life expectancy - how long on average an individual is expected to live.