1. Root Structure and Supporting Tissue

3. Permanent teeth-root numbers Incisors and cuspids have 1 root Premolars have 1 root except Max 1 st which has two roots Molars-Max molars have 3 roots, mandibular molars have 2 roots

4. Primary teeth-root numbers Primary incisors and cuspids have 1 root Primary molars=Maxillary have three roots, mandibular have two roots.

5. Root numbers

7. Root position Maxillary 1 st premolars-One root facial, one lingual Maxillary molars-Two roots facial (MF, DF) one root lingual Mandibular molars-One root mesial, one root distal

8. Root canals Not all roots contain a single canal –MF roots of max molars usually contain 2 root canals (MB1, MB2) –Mesial roots of mandibular molars have two root canals (MF, ML)

10. Root canals are not totally predicable There are exceptions to all the rules.

12. Views and sections

14. Pulpal anatomy

16. Subjective symptoms (symptoms reported by the patient) Spontaneous pain Swelling “My bite feels high” “It hurts to bite on”

17. Swelling

18. Objective symptoms Pain with percussion (tapping) No response to cold or slow recovery from cold, no response to electricity Apical radiolucency Drainage, fistula Looseness of the tooth

19. Apical radiolucency

20. Fistula

21. Root canal therapy 1. Diagnose 2. Access the pulpal chamber 3. Determine length of roots –Electronic apex locators –Radiographic determination 4. Clean chemically and mechanically 5. Obturate with gutta percha and sealer 6. Restore the tooth (Crowns or fills)

22. Decay accessing the pulpal chamber

23. Mechanical and chemical cleaning

24. Obturation with Gutta Percha and sealer

26. Early abscess

27. Endo files

28. Gates Gliddens

29. Endo files in tooth

30. Bleach irrigant

31. Electronic apex locator

32. Drying the canals

33. Paste sealer

34. Gutta percha in place

35. Finished Root canal treatment

36. Supporting bone

37. Alveolus and the PDL

38. Osteoclasts and osteoblasts

39. Orthodontic movement and the PDL

41. Terms related to the oral muccosa Gingiva –Free gingiva –Attached gingiva Muccogingival junction Muccosa Sulcus Stippling

42. Gingivitus

43. Advanced periodontal disease

47. PSR (Periodontal screening and recording)

53. What predisposes for Periodontal disease? Home care (brushing and flossing) Genetics Diseases like diabetes Habits like smoking or other drug use Number of roots –Incidence of periodontal disease is directly proportional to the number of roots Dominant bacteria in the mouth-Mothers gum health

54. How is periodontal disease treated? Changing home care habits Controlling habits like smoking Controlling disease like diabetes Monitoring and deep debridement of infected sites Chemical controls such as antibiotics Surgery

55. Periodontal disease and it’s relationship to other factors

57. Partial in place