1. Energy Mrs Celin Energy Mrs Celin

2. Forms of Energy  Your input in class  Mechanical Focus for now Focus for now May be kinetic (associated with motion) or potential (associated with position, associated with springs, rubber bands) May be kinetic (associated with motion) or potential (associated with position, associated with springs, rubber bands)  Other types of potential energy Chemical, nuclear (both converted to other types of energy when released) Chemical, nuclear (both converted to other types of energy when released)  Electromagnetic

3. Some Energy Considerations  Energy can be transformed from one form to another Essential to the study of physics, chemistry, biology, geology, astronomy Essential to the study of physics, chemistry, biology, geology, astronomy  Can be used in place of Newton’s laws to solve certain problems more simply

4. Transferring Energy  By doing work By applying a force By applying a force Produces a displacement of the system Produces a displacement of the system

5. Transferring Energy  Heat The process of transferring heat by collisions between molecules The process of transferring heat by collisions between molecules For example, the spoon becomes hot because some of the KE of the molecules in the coffee is transferred to the molecules of the spoon as internal energy For example, the spoon becomes hot because some of the KE of the molecules in the coffee is transferred to the molecules of the spoon as internal energy

6. Transferring Energy  Mechanical Waves A disturbance propagates through a medium A disturbance propagates through a medium Examples include sound, water, seismic Examples include sound, water, seismic

7. Transferring Energy  Electrical transmission Transfer by means of electrical current Transfer by means of electrical current This is how energy enters any electrical device This is how energy enters any electrical device

8. Transferring Energy  Electromagnetic radiation Any form of electromagnetic waves Any form of electromagnetic waves Light, microwaves, radio wavesLight, microwaves, radio waves

9. Playing with toys  How did your toy use energy and transform energy?

10. Gravitational Potential Energy  Gravitational potential energy is associated with the vertical position of the object within some system Potential energy is a property of the system, not the object Potential energy is a property of the system, not the object A system is a collection of objects interacting via forces or processes that are internal to the system A system is a collection of objects interacting via forces or processes that are internal to the system

11. Gravitational Potential Energy  Gravitational Potential Energy is the energy associated with the relative position near the Earth’s surface  Objects interact with the earth through the gravitational force  Actually the potential energy is for the earth-object system

12. Reference Levels for Gravitational Potential Energy  A location where the gravitational potential energy is zero must be chosen for each problem The choice is arbitrary since the change in the potential energy is the important quantity The choice is arbitrary since the change in the potential energy is the important quantity Choose a convenient location for the zero reference height Choose a convenient location for the zero reference height often the Earth’s surfaceoften the Earth’s surface may be some other point suggested by the problemmay be some other point suggested by the problem Once the position is chosen, it must remain fixed for the entire problem Once the position is chosen, it must remain fixed for the entire problem

13. Kinetic Energy  Energy associated with the motion of an object   Scalar quantity with the same units as work  Work is related to kinetic energy

14. Conservation of Mechanical Energy  Conservation in general To say a physical quantity is conserved is to say that the numerical value of the quantity remains constant throughout any physical process To say a physical quantity is conserved is to say that the numerical value of the quantity remains constant throughout any physical process  In Conservation of Energy, the total mechanical energy remains constant In any isolated system of objects interacting only through conservative forces, the total mechanical energy of the system remains constant. In any isolated system of objects interacting only through conservative forces, the total mechanical energy of the system remains constant.

15. Conservation of Energy, cont.  Total mechanical energy TME is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies in the system Another way to describe it – Another way to describe it – PE + KE = TME = constantPE + KE = TME = constant Other types of potential energy functions can be added to modify this equation Other types of potential energy functions can be added to modify this equation

16. Spring or trampoline as PE  We won’t be using the displacement of a spring or trampoline to calculate PE but..  We can include these types of PE in a problem…  For example: A toy is powered by a spring If 50 J of PE can be stored in the spring… If 50 J of PE can be stored in the spring… If there are no energy losses, what’s the maximum amount of KE that the toy can achieve? If there are no energy losses, what’s the maximum amount of KE that the toy can achieve? The same 50J, transformed from PE to KE The same 50J, transformed from PE to KE

17. Remember the diving problem we did in class?

18. Remember the ‘pop’ quiz?  We analyzed the popper at two points after it popped after it popped Virtually at h = o so PE = 0Virtually at h = o so PE = 0 Moving at max speed, KE = ½ m v 2Moving at max speed, KE = ½ m v 2 At its max height At its max height Temporarily stopped so KE = 0Temporarily stopped so KE = 0 At max height so PE = m g hAt max height so PE = m g h Apply equation of conservation of energy

19. Work  Provides a link between force and energy  Impulse: change in momentum :: work: change in energy Force applied for a particular time causes a change in momentum Force applied for a particular time causes a change in momentum Force applied for a particular distance causes a change in energy Force applied for a particular distance causes a change in energy

20. Work, cont.  We are studying only cases in which F and x are parallel,  =zero F is the magnitude of the force F is the magnitude of the force Δ x is the magnitude of the object’s displacement Δ x is the magnitude of the object’s displacement  is the angle between  is the angle between

21. Work, cont.  This gives no information about the time it took for the displacement to occur the time it took for the displacement to occur the velocity or acceleration of the object the velocity or acceleration of the object  Work is a scalar quantity

22. Units of Work and Energy  SI Newton meter = Joule Newton meter = Joule N m = JN m = J J = kg m 2 / s 2J = kg m 2 / s 2  US Customary foot pound foot pound ft lbft lb no special name no special name

23. Work and Dissipative Forces  Work can be done by friction  The energy lost to friction by an object goes into heating both the object and its environment Some energy may be converted into sound Some energy may be converted into sound  For now, the phrase “Work done by friction” will denote the effect of the friction processes on mechanical energy alone

24. Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem  When work is done by a net force on an object and the only change in the object is its speed, the work done is equal to the change in the object’s kinetic energy  Speed will increase if work is positive Speed will increase if work is positive Speed will decrease if work is negative Speed will decrease if work is negative

25. Types of Forces  There are two general kinds of forces Conservative Conservative Work and energy associated with the force can be recoveredWork and energy associated with the force can be recovered Nonconservative Nonconservative The forces are generally dissipative and work done against it cannot easily be recoveredThe forces are generally dissipative and work done against it cannot easily be recovered

26. Conservative Forces  A force is conservative if the work it does on an object moving between two points is independent of the path the objects take between the points The work depends only upon the initial and final positions of the object The work depends only upon the initial and final positions of the object Any conservative force can have a potential energy function associated with it Any conservative force can have a potential energy function associated with it

27. More About Conservative Forces  Examples of conservative forces include: Gravity Gravity Spring force Spring force Electromagnetic forces Electromagnetic forces  Potential energy is another way of looking at the work done by conservative forces

28. Nonconservative Forces  A force is nonconservative if the work it does on an object depends on the path taken by the object between its final and starting points.  Examples of nonconservative forces kinetic friction, air drag, propulsive forces kinetic friction, air drag, propulsive forces

29. Friction as a Nonconservative Force  The friction force is transformed from the kinetic energy of the object into a type of energy associated with temperature The objects are warmer than they were before the movement The objects are warmer than they were before the movement Internal Energy is the term used for the energy associated with an object’s temperature Internal Energy is the term used for the energy associated with an object’s temperature

30. Friction Depends on the Path  The blue path is shorter than the red path  The work required is less on the blue path than on the red path  Friction depends on the path and so is a non-conservative force

31. Work and Gravitational Potential Energy  PE = mgh or mgy   Units of Potential Energy are the same as those of Work and Kinetic Energy

32. Notes About Conservation of Energy  We have analyzed conservation of total mechanical energy in specific cases  In reality, we can neither create nor destroy energy If the total energy of the system does not remain constant, the energy must have been transformed in some way If the total energy of the system does not remain constant, the energy must have been transformed in some way Applies to areas other than physics Applies to areas other than physics

33. Power  Often also interested in the rate at which the energy transfer takes place  Power is defined as this rate of energy transfer  SI units are Watts (W)

34. Power, cont.  US Customary units are generally hp Need a conversion factor Need a conversion factor Can define units of work or energy in terms of units of power: Can define units of work or energy in terms of units of power: kilowatt hours (kWh) are often used in electric billskilowatt hours (kWh) are often used in electric bills This is a unit of energy, not powerThis is a unit of energy, not power