1. { Nigeria Section 3 Governance and Policy-Making Nigeria Section 3 Governance and Policy-Making

2.  Who will rule?  How will they rule?  Should the country even stay together?  Example: 9 constitutions since 1914 “National Question”

3. Structure  1 st Republic (1960)  Parliamentary model  2 nd Republic (1979)  U.S. style model  4 th Republic (1999)  Current  Presidential model (similar to U.S.)  36 states  Oil allows for power

4. Under Military Rule (1985 – 1998)  Ruled autocratically  Executive decisions made then approved by high military officers = rubber stamp  Patron client networks  Babangida (1985-1993)  Abacha (1993-1998)  Abubakar

5. Obasanjo Takes Over  REFORM  Disbanded military officers having any ties with politics  Anti-Corruption Commission  Peace & Reconciliation Commission  Owes favors to the “big men” for getting him elected

6. Hot Issues during Obasanjo  Niger Delta  Delta wanted control of oil $  Obasanjo proposed NDDC  rejected  Youth militias caused chaos with police + oil  Nov 1999 destruction of Odi & massacre  2003 violence ceased 40% of oil exports for days

7. Legislature  3 senators from each state (36 states)  House of Representatives - weighted by size (360)  2015: 7 women elected to Fourth Republic National Assembly (20 in the House).  Nonexistant under military governments  Never assumed full role  Since 1999: same party always wins -UNTIL??? Buhari!!! (APC – All Progressives Congress)

8.  People appointed based on patronage and ethnicity  Increased from 72,000 to over 1 million Bureaucracy

9.  Theoretically autonomous- hybrid of state owned & corporate enterprises  In reality, boards are politically appointed and answerable to government  NNPC (Nigerian National Petroleum Corp)= patronage and rent seeking  Drain on economy!!  NEED TO PRIVATIZE! Para-statals

10.  Under military rule:  Decrees disallowing judicial review  government dominates court (appoints officers and controls funds)  1993 “judicial terrorism”  The court regains power under civilian rule  2002 landmarks- gaining credibility  State and local  implementation of Shari' a Judiciary

11.  Babangida and Abacha doubled # of states  increased control  States have little power (90% income from fed gov)  Bad cycle with taxes  Southern states assert control over resources  Use militia to intimidate political opponents State and local governments

12.  Loyalty pyramid pervades system  Big man gets oil $, passes it down  Presidential initiative then filtered through “big men”  Therefore, reformist agenda doesn’t get anywhere Making policy