1. For Rhetorical Analysis

2.  Rhetoric: The art of using language persuasively and effectively

3. Logos – the argument itself – base Ethos – speaker/ ethics Pathos – the emotion of the listener

4. The use of logic, rationality, and critical reasoning to persuade. Logos appeals to the mind. Logos seeks to persuade the reader intellectually.

5.  Language appropriate to audience  Restrained, sincere, fair-minded, presentation  Appropriate level of vocabulary  Correct grammar

6.  Appeal to the mind/intellect  Draw from philosophy and logic  Facts  Statistics  If, then… statements

7.  Definitions of terms  Explanation of ideas  Cause and effect  Details that come from objective reporting  Logical reasons and explanations

8.  The ongoing establishment of a writer’s, or speaker’s authority, credibility, and believability as he speaks or writes.

9.  Ethos appeals to ethics and character.  Creates the sense that the author/ speaker is to help not hurt

10. Ethos seeks to persuade the reader that the writer/speaker can be trusted and believed due to his noble character or ethical ways in which he is presenting ideas

11. Some Examples of Ethos  Appeal to the writer’s/speaker’s believability, qualifications, character; relevant biographical information  Use of credible sources (experts, scholars)  Accurate citation of sources: gives credit where credit is due  Experience and authority: person knows the issues and has experience in the field

12. Appropriate language: uses language of the discipline Appropriate tone: knows the audience and context of situation

13. Uses tentative yet authoritative language; Avoids sweeping statements like: “ Everyone is doing this,” “This is the only way,” “This will always work.” Instead says: “The research suggests that,” “ Some experts believe,” “In my experience,” etc.

14. The use of emotion and affect to persuade. Pathos appeals to the heart and to one’s emotions. Pathos seeks to persuade the reader emotionally.

15.  Appeal to the heart/emotion  Draw from spirituality or religious traditions  Stories or testimonials  Personal anecdotes or stories

16.  Personal connections  Imagery and figurative language that provokes an emotional response  Visual images or words that inspire you to empathize or have compassion towards the idea/topic

17.  Powerful words, phrases, or images that stir up emotion  Details that come from subjective reporting

18.  Rhetorical questions – Use of questions to provoke thought without expectation of an answer-- not necessarily meant to be taken literally

21.  Emotive language is any diction that aims to manipulate, influence or create feelings in us so that we adopt the viewpoint of the writer or speaker.

22. Consider the following synonyms for emotive:  Emotional  Exciting  Fiery  Heart-warming  Heated  Manipulative  Rousing  Stirring  Tear-jerking  Thrilling

23.  When people use emotive language, these are the types of responses they want the audience to have.  Why do they want us to have an emotional response?  The reason is to persuade us to their point of view and influence our actions. If they can make us feel something, we may be moved to act on our feelings.  They may get us to do what they want us to do!

24.  Non-emotive version: Another person in the bar was injured by the man's glass.  Emotive version: An innocent bystander suffered facial injuries when the thug launched his glass across the bar.  Non-emotive version: The government will reduce interest rates.  Emotive version: The government will slash interest rates.  Non-emotive version: Mr Smith was attacked by Mr Jones for two minutes.  Emotive version: For what seemed a lifetime, Mr Smith was subjected to a vicious, cowardly assault by the unemployed, steroid-pumped monster.

25. Parallel Structure means using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. This can happen at three levels:  Word  Phrase  Sentences

26. Words The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurately, and thoroughly Phrases: To show kindness is praiseworthy, to show hatred is evil. Sentences: Ten more teeth than usual. Ten more teeth than normal. Ten teeth past human. –Sherman Alexie

27.  Alliteration – beginning of words with the same sound  Assonance– the repetition of the sound of a vowel  Consonance –recurrence of similar sounds, especially consonants, in close proximity

28.  Alliteration -- C allous, c alculating c ruelty – is this what we must expect?  Assonance -- The gloves didn't f i t. If it doesn't f i t, you must acqu i t. – J. Cochran, Closing Arguments from the O.J. Simpson Trial  Consonance -- My fellow Ameri c ans, as k not what your c ountry c an do for you, as k what you c an do for your c ountry.-JFK

29.  Contrast —using opposite, contradictory or incongruous ideas for effect

30.  Oxymoron - a figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction ~Sometimes we have to be cruel to be kind.

31.  Antithesis - a contrast or opposition between two things ~Many are called, but few are chosen.

32.  Figurative Language —using metaphor, simile, personification, imagery, etc. Ex. While we wait and do nothing, we must not forget that the fuse is already burning.

34.  It's no accident that the number three is pervasive in well-known stories: the three little pigs, the three musketeers, or the three wise men. 

35. What is The Rule of Three? The rule of three is a very general rule in speaking, in writing, and in music, that states that concepts or ideas presented in threes are inherently more interesting, more enjoyable, and more memorable.more memorable

36.  It's no accident that you are likely familiar with these three part quotes: ~“Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; ~“Sex, Drugs, & Rock N' Roll” ~“Truth, Justice, And The American Way” (of course, these are the causes for which Superman fights).

38.  It's no accident that good stories have a beginning, middle, and end and that video games, films, and literature are often written as three connected works in the form of a trilogy.good stories

39.  Using a repeated pattern of any kind – word, phrase, part of speech, sound, idea – to provide emphasis

40.  Evil minds will use evil means. ( parallelism—see above)

41.  Anadiplosis - a Greek word which means “to reduplicate”. Ex. I was at a loss for words, words that perhaps would have gotten me into even more trouble.

42.  Anaphora -- the deliberate repetition of the first part of the sentence in order to achieve an artistic effectrepetition Ex. I came, I saw, I conquered.

43. using exaggeration for effect

45. The end