2. Opening Quiz Studies report that folate supplements for women may lower the incidence of neural tube defects of infants when the vitamin is taken during the a.last trimester of pregnancy. b.second trimester of pregnancy. c.second and third trimesters of pregnancy. d.month before conception through the first trimester of pregnancy. What is the percentage increase in the folate RDA during pregnancy? a.25 b.50 c.75 d.100 Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

3. Opening Quiz What is the recommended range of weight gain during pregnancy for a normal-weight woman? a.10-18 lbs b.19-24 lbs c.25-35 lbs d.38-44 lbs In pregnancy, a large weight gain over a short time is usually an indication of a. excessive fat deposition. b.excessive fluid retention. c.abnormal fetal development. d.normal pregnancy only if it occurs during the second trimester. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

4. Opening Quiz Of the following nutrient needs, which is considered the most difficult to meet during pregnancy? a.Iron b.Protein c.Vitamin D d.Vitamin B6 During pregnancy, which of the following nutrients show a dramatic increase in absorption? a.Salt and sugar b.Protein and fat c.Calcium and iron d.Thiamin and ascorbic acid Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

5. Opening Quiz What is the chief reason that breast-fed infants usually need to eat more frequently than formula-fed infants? a.Breast milk contains less fat. b.Breast milk is digested faster. c.Breast milk is less nutrient dense. d.The amount of milk consumed per feeding episode is lower in breast-fed infants. Breast milk as the sole source of nutrition, up to the first 6 months in healthy infants, is satisfactory for all nutrients except a.sodium. b.vitamin D. c.iron and folate. d.zinc and vitamin A. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

6. Opening Quiz Which of the following is an advantage of breastfeeding compared with formula feeding? a.There is no limit to the supply. b.It provides immunological protection. c.The mother can be sure the baby is getting enough milk. d.It is the only way to develop a true loving relationship with the baby. At what age does the normal infant first develop the ability to swallow solid food? a.3-5 weeks b.26-32 weeks c.4-6 months d.9-12 months Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

7. Opening Quiz What is the minimum number of glasses of water per day recommended for older adults? a.4 b.6 c.8 d.10 Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D nutrition in the elderly? a.Aging reduces the kidneys' ability to convert vitamin D to its active form. b.Most elderly are able to maintain near RDA levels of intake of the vitamin. c.The RDA for vitamin D in the elderly is lower due to less excretion by the kidneys. d.Most elderly rely primarily on self-synthesis of the vitamin due to their greater time spent outdoors. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

8. Pregnancy And Lactation Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Life Cycle Nutrition

9. Prior To Pregnancy Fertility Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

10. Prior To Pregnancy Goals –Achieve and maintain a healthy body weight –Choose an adequate and balanced diet –Be physically active –Avoid harmful influences Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

11. Placenta Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

12. Fetal Growth And Development Ovum + sperm  zygote Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

13. Fetal Growth And Development Zygote –Implantation Embryo Fetus Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

14. Stages of Embryonic And Fetal Development

15. Critical Periods Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

17. Critical Periods Neural tube defects –Anencephaly –Spina bifida Folate supplementation Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

18. Critical Periods Chronic diseases Fetal programming Epigenetics Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

19. Weight Prior To Conception Underweight –Preterm Overweight and obesity –Post term –Cesarean section Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

20. Weight Gain Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

21. Weight Gain Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

22. Weight Gain Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

23. Weight Loss Weight loss after pregnancy Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

24. Exercise During Pregnancy Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

25. Energy And Nutrient Needs Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

26. Comparison Of Nutrient Recommendations For Nonpregnant, Pregnant, And Lactating Women

27. Energy And Nutrient Needs Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

29. Nutrition-Related Concerns Nausea Constipation and hemorrhoids Heartburn Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

30. Nutrition-Related Concerns Food cravings and aversions Nonfood cravings –Pica Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

31. Nutrition-Related Concerns Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

32. Nutrition-Related Concerns Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

33. High-Risk Pregnancies Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

34. High-Risk Pregnancies Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

35. Infant’s Birth Weight Low birth weight Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

36. Malnutrition And Pregnancy Fertility Early pregnancy Fetal development Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

37. Food Assistance Programs WIC Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

38. Maternal Health Preexisting diabetes Gestational diabetes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

39. Maternal Health Preexisting hypertension Transient hypertension of pregnancy Preeclampsia and eclampsia Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

40. Mother’s Age Pregnancy in adolescents Pregnancy in older women –Down syndrome Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

41. Practices Incompatible With Pregnancy Alcohol Medicinal drugs Herbal supplements Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

42. Practices Incompatible With Pregnancy Illicit drugs Smoking and chewing tobacco –SIDS Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

43. Practices Incompatible With Pregnancy Environmental contaminants Foodborne illness Vitamin-mineral megadoses Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

44. Practices Incompatible With Pregnancy Caffeine Weight-loss dieting Sugar substitutes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

45. Lactation Mammary glands Prolactin Oxytocin Let-down reflex Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

46. Breastfeeding Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

47. Breastfeeding Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

49. Mother’s Nutrient Needs During Lactation Energy intake and exercise Energy nutrients Vitamins and minerals Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

50. Mother’s Nutrient Needs During Lactation Water Nutrient supplements Particular foods Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

51. Practices Incompatible With Lactation Sleep Alcohol Medicinal drugs Illicit drugs Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

52. Practices Incompatible With Lactation Smoking Environmental contaminants Caffeine Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

53. Maternal Health And Lactation HIV infection and AIDS Diabetes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

54. Maternal Health And Lactation Postpartum amenorrhea Breast health Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

55. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

56. Alcohol Prenatal alcohol exposure –Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder = ARND –Alcohol-related birth defects = ARBD Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

57. Alcohol Drinking during pregnancy How much is too much? When is the damage done? Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

58. Life Cycle Nutrition Infancy, Childhood, And Adolescence Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

59. Infancy Energy intake and activity Energy nutrients Vitamins and minerals Water Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

60. Infancy Weight gain during first 5 years Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

61. Infancy Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

62. Recommended Intakes Of An Infant And An Adult Compared On The Basis Of Body Weight

63. Breast Milk Frequency and duration of breastfeeding Energy nutrients –Alpha-lactalbumin Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

64. Breast Milk Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Energy nutrient content

65. Breast Milk Vitamins Minerals Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

66. Breast Milk Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

67. Breast Milk Immunological protection –Colostrum –Bifidus factors –Lactoferrin –Lactadherin Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

68. Breast Milk Allergy and disease protection Other potential benefits Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

69. Infant Formula Wean Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

70. Infant Formula Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

71. Infant Formula Risks of formula feeding Infant formula standards Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

72. Infant Formula Special formulas –Hypoallergenic formulas Inappropriate formulas Nursing bottle tooth decay Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

73. Special Needs Of Preterm Infants Long-chain fatty acids –Arachidonic acid –DHA Preterm breast milk Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

74. Introducing Cow’s Milk Cow’s milk vs. breast milk Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

76. Introducing Solid Foods Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

77. Introducing Solid Foods Food allergies Choice of infant foods Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

78. Introducing Solid Foods Foods to provide iron Foods to provide vitamin C Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

79. Introducing Solid Foods Foods to omit –Botulism Foods at one year –Milk anemia Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

80. Mealtimes With Toddlers Behavior Exploration Don’t force foods Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

81. Mealtimes With Toddlers Provide nutritious foods Limit sweets Make mealtimes enjoyable Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

83. Childhood Energy intake and activity Carbohydrate and fiber Fat and fatty acids Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

84. Childhood Protein Vitamins and minerals Supplements Planning children’s meals Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

86. Hunger And Malnutrition In Children Hunger and behavior Iron deficiency and behavior Other nutrient deficiencies and behavior Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

88. Malnutrition-Lead Connection Minerals and lead absorption Vitamins and lead absorption Protect against lead poisoning Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

89. Hyperactivity And “Hyper” Behavior Hyperactivity Misbehaving Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

90. Food Allergy And Intolerance Detecting food allergy –Asymptomatic allergy –Symptomatic allergy Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

91. Food Allergy And Intolerance Anaphylactic shock –Epinephrine Food intolerances Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

92. Childhood Obesity

93. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

94. Childhood Obesity Genetic and environmental factors Growth Physical health Psychological development Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

95. Childhood Obesity Prevention and treatment of obesity Diet Physical activity Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

96. Childhood Obesity Psychological support Behavioral changes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

97. Mealtimes At Home Honoring children’s preferences Learning through participation Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

98. Mealtimes At Home Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

99. Mealtimes At Home Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

100. Mealtimes At Home Avoiding power struggles Choking prevention Playing first Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

101. Mealtimes At Home Snacking Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

103. Mealtimes At Home Preventing dental carries Serving as role models Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

104. Nutrition At School Meals at school Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

105. Nutrition At School Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

106. Nutrition At School Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

107. Nutrition At School Competing influences at school Nutrition education at school Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

108. Nutrition During Adolescence Growth and development –Puberty Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

109. Nutrition During Adolescence Energy and nutrient needs –Energy intake and activity –Vitamins –Iron –Calcium Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

110. Nutrition During Adolescence Food choices and health habits –Snacks –Beverages –Eating away from home –Peer influence Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

111. Intakes of milk vs. soft drinks

112. Problems Adolescents Face Marijuana Cocaine Ecstasy Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

113. Problems Adolescents Face Drug use, in general Alcohol abuse Smoking and smokeless tobacco Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

114. Childhood Obesity And Chronic Diseases Early development of type 2 diabetes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

115. Childhood Obesity And Chronic Diseases Early development of heart disease –Atherosclerosis Plaque Fatty streaks Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

116. Plaque formation Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

117. Childhood Obesity And Chronic Diseases Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

118. Childhood Obesity And Chronic Diseases Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

119. Childhood Obesity And Chronic Diseases Physical activity Dietary recommendations for children –Moderation, not deprivation –Diet first, drugs later Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

120. Childhood Obesity And Chronic Diseases Smoking Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

121. Life Cycle Nutrition Adulthood and the Later Years Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

122. Life Cycle Nutrition Life expectancy Life span Longevity Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

123. Aging Of The U.S. Population

124. Observation of Older Adults Quality of life Healthy habits –Physiological age –Chronological age Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

127. Manipulation Of Diet Energy restriction in animals Energy restriction in human beings Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

128. The Aging Process Stress –Stress response Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

129. The Aging Process Physiological changes –Body weight –Body composition Sarcopenia Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

131. The Aging Process Physiological changes –Immune system –GI tract Dysphagia Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

132. The Aging Process Physiological changes –Tooth loss –Sensory loss and other physical problems Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

133. The Aging Process Other changes –Psychological changes –Economic changes –Social changes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

134. Energy And Nutrient Needs of Older Adults Water Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

135. Energy And Nutrient Needs of Older Adults Energy and energy nutrients –Protein –Carbohydrate and fiber –Fat Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

136. Energy And Nutrient Needs of Older Adults Vitamins and minerals –Vitamin B 12 –Vitamin D –Calcium –Iron Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

137. Energy And Nutrient Needs of Older Adults Nutrient supplements Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

138. Energy And Nutrient Needs of Older Adults Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

139. Nutrition-Related Concerns Of Older Adults Cataracts and macular degeneration Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

140. Nutrition-Related Concerns Of Older Adults Arthritis –Osteoarthritis –Rheumatoid arthritis –Treatment Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

141. The Aging Brain Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

142. The Aging Brain Senile dementia Alzheimer’s disease Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

143. Choices Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

144. Choices Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

145. Risk Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

146. Food Assistance Programs Elderly Nutrition Program –Congregate meals –Meals on Wheels Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

147. Meals For Singles Spend wisely Be creative Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

148. Nutrient-Drug Interactions Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

151. Nutrient-Drug Interactions Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

152. Nutrient-Drug Interactions Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

154. Nutrient-Drug Interactions Other ingredients in drugs The health-professional and nutrient-drug interactions Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning