1. Review: If this is the answer – what was the question.
Stages of attachment
Caregiverese
Interactional synchrony
Multiple attachments
Lorenz – Imprinting
Harlow – Cloth Comfort
Critical period
Sensitive period
Learning theory
Cupboard love
Social releasers
Internal working model
The Strange Situation
Secure attachment
Insecure attachment
Cultural variations in attachment

2. The Specification!

3. 3.5 Bowlby’s Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis
What does this mean?

4. Bowlby in his own words …

5. Starter: A Two Year Old Goes To Hospital
The Story of Laura
Robertson (1952) film shows how short term separation results in distess. Activity: Watch the clip and describe the child’s reaction to separation.

6. Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis
Bowlby predicts disruption to the attachment bond causes serious and permanent damage.
Short Term
Separation
Long Term Deprivation
Long Term
Privation

7. Short-term separation
Brief, temporary separations. Left with babysitter, day care, short hospital stay.
PDD Model

8. Short-term separation
Protest: The child cries, screams and protests angrily when the parent leaves. They will try to cling on to the parent to stop them leaving.
Despair: The child’s protesting begins to stop and they appear to be calmer although still upset. The child refuses others’ attempts for comfort and often seems withdrawn and uninterested in anything. 

Detachment: If separation continues the child will start to engage with other people again. They will reject the caregiver on their return and show strong signs of anger.

9. Short-term evaluation
Robertson & Robertson (1971) Film Clips – case studies.
Douglas (1975) separations less that a week of children aged 4 correlates with more behavioural difficulties.
Alternative attachment can reduce harm done.
Correlation not causation.
Individual differences in how children cope with separation.

10. Long-term deprivation
Deprivation – disruption of an attachment bond.
Permanent separations:
Divorce
Imprisonment
Death
Adoption
Long-term more harmful than short-term deprivation
Divorce = resentment, stress. Death = depression.
Individual differences.
Strategies can be used to help with transition.
Read the research on pg. 131

11. Real-Life Application: Women in prison
The Law.
Women who give birth in prison can keep their baby for the first 18 months in a mother and baby unit.
A prisoner with a child under 18 months old can apply to bring their child to prison with them.
Social Services arrange for children over 18 months to be cared for, eg by the prisoner’s parents, or fostering.
Should mothers be separated from their young children in prison? Discuss? What are the best interests of the child?

12. Evaluate the usefulness of this evidence.
Long-term privation
Evaluate the usefulness of this evidence.
Children who have never formed an attachment bond. No maternal attachment. Long lasting, permanent damage. Irreversible.
Case study evidence.
Freud & Dann – Children orphaned in Nazi concentration camps (Bulldog Bank children).
Koluchova – identical twins locked in a cellar by stepmother.
Curtiss – Wild child Genie
The negative effects of privation can be overturned by positive experiences.

13. Genie

14. Long-term privation
 Unethical to do this research on humans so case studies are useful.
Case studies are dependent on retrospective memory
Case studies are subjective

15. Institutionalisation
Institutional care – provided by orphanages and children’s homes. Mixture of privation and deprivation. Disinhibited attachment – clingy, attention-seeking, indiscriminately sociable with adults. Affectionless psychopathy – inability to show affection or concern to others.
Evidence?

16. Institutionalisation - Evidence
Spitz (1946) South American orphanages – children rarely talked to or picked up. Children were developmentally retarded and depressed.
Bowlby (1944) compared 44 thieves with non-thieves. The thieves 32% exhibited affectionless psychopathy – 86% of this group had suffered maternal deprivation.
Tizard & Hodges (1978) Compared infants in care – privation – with those who were adopted – with a natural parents group. Tested at 4 and 8 years – institutionalised children have poor relationships and behavioural problems.

17. Romanian orphan studies

18. Rutter et al (1998) Developmental catch up Study
A: Can love & care make up for deprivation?
P: Longitudinal – quasi experiment.
DV – cognitive functioning IV – age at adoption.
111 Romanian orphans assessed on arrival to UK and again at age 4.
R: 50% retarded on arrival. Great improvements at 4 years – those adopted before 6 months almost same as normal British adopted children.
C: The negative effects of institutionalisation can be overcome by sensitive, nuturing care.
G. R. A. V. E. R

19. Other orphan studies.
O’Connnor et al (1999) many orphans display indiscriminate friendliness.
Rutter (2001) follow up – those orphans who had suffered long term institutionalisation continue to have attachment problems (only 20% showed normal functioning.)

20. Exam Questions.
Define and give an example of privation, deprivation and privation. (6 marks)
Explain what is meant by maternal deprivation. (3 marks).
Outline evidence that supports maternal deprivation (4 marks).
Explain one criticism of maternal deprivation theory. (4 marks)
Outline what is meant by institutionalisation. (2 marks)
Outline what research has found about the effects of institutionalisation on attachment. (6 marks).
Describe one study of Romanian orphans. Include what the researcher did and what they found. (4 marks)
Describe and evaluate Bowlby’s Maternal Deprivation Theory.

21. Exam questions (Application A02)
Ruby has a secure, loving relationship with her mother but her mother has to go into hospital. During this time Ruby must stay with someone she does not know. What strategies could be used to reduce any potential negative effects of Ruby’s separation from her mother. (4 marks)

22. Exam questions (Application A02)
Nadia was adopted when she was two. Prior to this she had lived in an orphanage. Now at 11 she is doing well but her teachers notice she has a tendency to be attention seeking with strangers. Referring to the effects of institutionalisation, explain why Nadia may be displaying this unusual social behaviour.