2. Day care refers to care for children under school age, generally at a day nursery or by a childminder It does NOT refer to full time (i.e. 24-hour-a- day) care

3. In the UK, many nurseries provide for a large number of children – it’s the ratio of staff:children that sets the limit (see next slides) Children are divided into smaller groups according to their age Day nurseries are inspected regularly They have to employ qualified staff

4. There should be 1 member of staff for every 8 children aged 3 to 5 :

5. There should be 1 member of staff for every 4 children aged 2 to 3 :

6. There should be 1 member of staff for every 3 children aged under 2 :

7. A childminder cares for a maximum of 6 children, with no more than 3 of these being under age 3 years. The childminder’s own children count as part of this figure They usually look after children in a home environment They must be registered and inspected by Ofsted Not all childminders are qualified in childcare

8. It depends partly on the age of the child Has he formed an attachment bond with his main caregiver yet? -If he hasn’t, how will being separated from his caregiver affect him? -What would Bowlby say about day care? It also depends on the type of existing attachment bond If he has already made an attachment, is it a secure one, or is it insecure? -What difference could the type of attachment bond make, for things like willingness to explore, reaction to the caregiver leaving, contact with strangers? -How about the child’s internal working model for relationships? It also depends on the quality of day care Some factors are mentioned in the next few slides. It could also depend on the child’s temperament Is the child easy-going, or shy? What might Kagan say about the effect of temperament on the child’s development? How can all these factors be dealt with in a day care setting?

9. The quality of the day care itself also affects its impact on a child’s development Children have individual differences which will contribute towards the impact of day care. Carers in a nursery, and childminders, should be aware of each individual child’s needs, and should be able to respond to those needs. The quality of the day care compared with the home environment can also be important – it could be better than home, or worse

10. 1. The ratio of staff to children should be low, i.e. 1:2 is better than 1:6 Why?

11. 2. Staff turnover should be low, i.e. the longer staff work at the nursery, the better Why? What are the ‘up’ and ‘down’ sides of a nursery using supply staff?

12. 3. Physical provisions should be good, i.e. clean and tidy, warm and light, plenty of stimulating toys and activities Why?

13. 4. Staff should be well trained, in caring for the children, and interacting in an appropriate way with the children Why?

14. Daisy! 6 months old both parents work full time Ben! 12 months old Mom gave up work for a year to stay with Ben She is just going back to work Bianca! 2 years old Quite shy Has been looked after since birth by neighbours and relatives while Mom works part time Rory! 4 years old Is nervous and easily upset Mom was ill in hospital for two months when Rory was 3 years old What features of day care are important for each of these children, who are just starting day care?

15. Day Care Activity Your task is to offer each set of parents advice on the appropriate day care setting for their child. You will provide them with evidence to support your decision, thus reassuring the parents that the right choice has been made. To further support your decision, you will highlight to parents the limitations of other forms of day care setting for their child.

16. Case Study 1: Ben Questions: Advice Ben’s parents on the most appropriate form of day care for him? Provide research evidence to support this. Highlight to Ben’s parents the reasons for not choosing other day care settings. Explain, using research, the effects other day care settings will have on his social development 12 months old Mom gave up work for a year to stay with Ben She is just going back to work

17. Case Study 2: Daisy Questions: Advice Daisy’s parents on the most appropriate form of day care for her? Provide research evidence to support this. Highlight to Daisy’s parents the reasons for not choosing other day care settings. Explain, using research, the effects other day care settings will have on her social development 6 months old both parents work full time

18. Case Study 3: Rory Questions: Advice Rory’s parents on the most appropriate form of day care for him? Provide research evidence to support this. Highlight to Rory’s parents the reasons for not choosing other day care settings. Explain, using research, the effects other day care settings will have on his social development 4 years old Is nervous and easily upset Mom was ill in hospital for two months when Rory was 3 years old

19. Case Study 4: Bianca Questions: Advice Bianca’s parents on the most appropriate form of day care for her? Provide research evidence to support this. Highlight to Bianca’s parents the reasons for not choosing other day care settings. Explain, using research, the effects other day care settings will have on her social development 2 years old Quite shy Has been looked after since birth by neighbours and relatives while Mom works part time

20. Mind map In small groups discuss and produce a mind map identifying: 1.The difficulty in assessing the effects of day care on children’s social development 2.Possible reasons for not being able to determine the exact influence of day care on children’s social development

21. Peer Assessment Exam Questions 1.Explain what is meant by peer relations [2 marks] 2.Explain how child care has been influenced by findings of research into attachment [4 marks]

22. Peer Assessment Exam Questions Some research has suggested that there is a relationship between the time children spend in day care and their aggressive behaviour. Researchers selected a group of school children who had been in day care. They asked the children’s mothers to estimate how many hours a week their children had spent in day care. They measured the same children’s aggression.

23. Peer Assessment Exam Questions Questions: 3.How many children are represented in this scattergram? (1 mark) 4.Suggest one way in which the children’s aggression could be measured. (2 marks) 5.In the media, it was claimed that the results showed spending time in day care caused the children to become aggressive. Explain why this claim may be untrue. (3 marks)

24. Peer Assessment Mark Scheme 1.Explain what is meant by peer relations [2 marks] Answer: Peer relations includes how well children get on with other children. This could include the child’s ability to make friends and play co-operatively with other children. 1 mark for brief explanation e.g. getting on with others 2nd mark for some elaboration as above.

25. Peer Assessment Mark Scheme 2.Explain how child care has been influenced by findings of research into attachment [4 marks] Answer: Children not looked after by parents need opportunity to form attachment with someone else. Candidates may refer to the advantages of foster care or adoption rather than institutional care. Reference to key workers in day care & parents staying with children in hospital. May refer to children looked after by parents. Reference to sensitive period and/or high levels of sensitive responsiveness. 1 mark for a very brief, muddled or poorly focussed answer on how child care has been influenced. Further marks for elaboration.

26. Peer Assessment Mark Scheme 3.How many children are represented in this scattergram? (1 mark) Answer: 10 children

27. Peer Assessment Mark Scheme 4.Suggest one way in which the children’s aggression could be measured. (2 marks) Answer: Number of aggressive acts shown during a 10 minute observation. Aggression score on a questionnaire completed by parents. 1 mark for brief or slightly muddled answer, e.g. ask children’s mothers how aggressive they are. 2nd mark for accurate elaboration, e.g. ask children’s mothers how aggressive they are on a scale from 1 to 10.

28. Peer Assessment Mark Scheme 5.In the media, it was claimed that the results showed spending time in day care caused the children to become aggressive. Explain why this claim may be untrue. (3 marks) Answer: Study is correlational & does not prove a causal relationship. Children Who are already aggressive may be put into day care for longer, or variables, such as parents’ divorce, may contribute to scores 1 mark e.g. correlation doesn’t prove cause or simply stating that aggression may be a result of other factors. 2 further marks for accurate elaboration as above. An alternative approach is that some research contradicts this claim. 1 mark for there is contradictory evidence and further marks for accurate reference to relevant research. 0 marks for reference to media exaggeration or individual children.