1. GROUP 2 BONES OF THE SKULL Fatin, Aishah, Zafirah, Laila, Masyitah, Amalina, Aimi

2. BONES OF THE SKULL

3. SKULL Facial 14 bones Cranial 8 Bones 1Mandible 1 Vomer 2 Inferior nasal conchae 2 Lacrimal bones 2 Maxillae 2 Nasal bones 2Palatine bones 2 Zygomatic bones 1 Ethmoid bone 1Frontal bone 1 Occipital bone 2Parietal bones 1Sphenoid bone 2Temporal bones

4. FACIAL BONES

5. CRANIAL BONES

6. ADDITIONAL SKULL FEATURES  Major sutures  Paranasal sinuses  Hyoid bone

7. Major Sutures

8. Functions TYPE OF BONEFUNCTIONS FACIAL Form the mechanical framework of the face Protect and support entry points of both the digestive and respiratory systems Provide attachment for some muscles of facial expression Protect and support organs for the senses of vivion, taste, smell, hearing and equilibrium/balance CRANIAL Protection of the brain Inner-surfaces :attach to membranes that stabilise the positions of the brain, blood vessels and nerves Outer surface : act as areas of attachment for muscles that move the head in various ways Protect and support organs for the senses of vivion, taste, smell, hearing and equilibrium/balance

9. MAXILLA & MANDIBLE

10. Maxilla  Forms the majority of the skeleton of the face and the upper jaw  Contains the maxillary sinus  Articulates with the frontal, sphenoid, nasal, vomer, and ethmoid bones; inferior nasal concha, palatine, lacrimal, and zygomatic bones; and septal and nasal cartilages

12. Mandible  Forms the lower jaw  Described as horseshoe shaped  All muscles of mastication attach to the mandible  Consists of body of mandible, ramus, coronoid process, condylar process, alveolar process

14. LACRIMAL & NASAL BONE

15. Lacrimal Bone  Small and rectangular in shape  Very thin and fragile  Forms a small portion of medial wall of the orbit  Articulates with frontal process of the maxilla, orbital plate of the ethmoid bone, frontal bone and inferior nasal concha  The region that articulates with the frontal process of the maxilla forms the lacrimal fossa → the location of the lacrimal sac  The inferior part of the lacrimal forms a small portion of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

18. Nasal Septum 1. Septal Cartilage 2. Ethmoid bone 3. Vomer

19. Ethmoid Bone - Perpendicular plate A flat plate that descend from cribriform plate to form part of nasal septum Articulate with vomer inferiorly Vomer Articulate with perpendicular plate of ethmoid, maxilla, palatine and sphenoid bone and septal cartilage Posterior border no articulation with other bone

20. Base of Nasal Cavity 1. Maxilla – Palatine Process of Maxilla 2. Palatine Bone – Horizontal Plate of Palatal Bone

21. Maxilla - Palatine Process Extend medially to form the majority of hard palate Articulate with palatine process of opposite side and horizontal plate of palatine bone Present of incisive foramen Palatine bone – Horizontal Plate Form posterior portion of hard palate Nasal cavity superiorly On medial part, form by both horizontal plate is posterior nasal spine Has greater palatine foramina

22. Posterior Border of Nasal Cavity The center of sphenoid bone Anterior portion form part of nasal cavity Contain sphenoid paranasal sinuses Sphenoid Bone - Body

24. Superior Border of Nasal Cavity 1. Nasal Bone 2. Frontal Bone 3. Ethmoid Bone

25. Inferior portion form superior margin of nasal aperture Inferior portion of nasal bone attach with lateral nasal cartilage and septal cartilage Nasal Bone Articulate with nasal bone and frontal process of maxilla to form root of nose Frontal Bone – Nasal Portion A horizontal bone that form superior surface of ethmoid Contain numerious foramina for olfactory nerves Ethmoid Bone - Cribriform Plate

26. Lateral Border of Nasal Cavity 1. Ethmoid Bone 2. Lacrimal Bone 3. Inferior Nasal Concha 4. Palatine Plate

30. Largest part of ethmoid bone Descend inferiorly from the cribriform plate Ethmoid paranasal sinuses located within Form 2 major structure within nasal cavity Superior nasal concha Middle nasal concha Ethmoid Bone – ethmoid labyrinth Small and rectangular in shape Inferior part of lacrimal form small portion of lateral wall of nasal cavity Lacrimal Bone

31. A curved bone that form part of lateral wall of nasal cavity Articulate with maxilla and perpendicular plate of palatine, lacrimal, and ethmoid bone Inferior Nasal Concha Shape of vertical rectangle Superior border is a notch articulate with sphenoid bone, form sphenopalatine foramen Form part of lateral wall of nasal cavity Palatine Bone – Perpendicular plate

32. FORAMENS OF THE BASE OF THE SKULL

33. What is foramen? - A foramen (pl. foramina) is an opening. - Foramina allow muscles, nerves, arteries, veins, or other structures to connect one part of the body with another.

34. Superior view of the cranial base

35. Inferior view of the cranial base

36. ForamenLocated in or Formed by Structures Passing through Incisive foramen Maxilla (palatine process) Nasopalatine n., sphenopalatine a. Greater palatine foramen Palatine Greater palatine n. and vessels Lesser palatine foramina Lesser palatine n. and vessels

37. Foramen ovale Sphenoid Mandibular division of the trigeminal n., accessory meningeal a., lesser petrosal n., emissary v. Foramen spinosumMiddle meningeal vessels and meningeal branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal n. Foramen rotundumMaxillary division of the trigeminal n. Sphenoid foramenEmissary v. Foramen lacerum Articulation of the sphenoid (greater wing and body), temporal (petrous portion), and occipital (basilar portion) bones Nothing passes through it sphenoid Filled with fibrocartilage during body), temporal (petrous life (although the anterior wall of the foramen has an opening for the pterygoid canal and the posterior wall has an opening for the carotid canal)

38. Mastoid foramen Temporal (mastoid portion) Emissary v. (sometimes branches of the occipital a.) Opening for auditory tube Temporal and sphenoid Cartilaginous portion of the auditory tube Tympanic canaliculusTemporal Tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal n. Jugular foramen Temporal (petrous portion) and occipital Glossopharyngeal n., vagus n., spinal accessory n., inferior petrosal sinus, sigmoid sinus, posterior meningeal a. Mastoid canaliculus Temporal (within the jugular fossa) Auricular branch of the vagus n.

39. Petrotympanic fissure Temporal Chorda tympani n., anterior tympanic a. Stylomastoid foramenFacial n., stylomastoid a. Tympanomastoid fissure Auricular branch of the vagus n. Hypoglossal canal Occipital Hypoglossal n. Condylar canalEmissary v., meningeal branches of ascending pharyngeal a. Foramen magnumMedulla oblongata, vertebral arteries, spinal roots of the spinal accessory n.

40. Foramen cecumBetween the frontal and ethmoid bones Emissary v. from nasal cavity to the superior sagittal sinus Anterior ethmoid foramen Anterior ethmoid n. and vessels Posterior ethmoid foramen Posterior ethmoid n. and vessels Carotid canalTemporal (petrous portion) Internal carotid a., internal carotid n. plexus (sympathetics) Hiatus for the lesser petrosal n. Lesser petrosal n. Hiatus for the greater petrosal n. Greater petrosal n. Internal acoustic meatusFacial n., vestibulocochlear n., labyrinthine a. Opening of the vestibular aqueduct Endolymphatic duct

41. THANK YOU