1. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.1

2. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.2 Axons of neurons Skeletal muscle tissue Blood vessel Loose connective tissue Blood Epithelial tissue Collagenous fiber Epithelial tissue Lumen 10  m Basal surface Apical surface Nervous tissue Glia 20  m Plasma White blood cells (Confocal LM) 50  m Red blood cells 100  m Elastic fiber Nuclei Muscle cell 100  m

3. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.2a Epithelial tissue Lumen 10  m Basal surface Apical surface Epithelial tissue

4. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.2b Axons of neurons Blood vessel Nervous tissue Glia 20  m (Confocal LM)

5. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.2c Loose connective tissue Collagenous fiber 100  m Elastic fiber

6. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.2d Blood Plasma White blood cells 50  m Red blood cells

7. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.2e Skeletal muscle tissue Nuclei Muscle cell 100  m

8. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.3 River otter (temperature regulator) 40 Largemouth bass (temperature conformer) Ambient (environmental) temperature (  C) 30 20 10 0 040302010 Body temperature (  C)

9. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.4 Sensor/ control center: Thermostat turns heater off. Sensor/ control center: Thermostat turns heater on. Stimulus: Room temperature increases. Stimulus: Room temperature decreases. Room temperature increases. Room temperature decreases. Set point: Room temperature at 20  C Response: Heating stops. Response: Heating starts.

10. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.4a Sensor/ control center: Thermostat turns heater off. Stimulus: Room temperature increases. Room temperature decreases. Set point: Room temperature at 20  C Response: Heating stops.

11. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.4b Sensor/ control center: Thermostat turns heater on. Stimulus: Room temperature decreases. Room temperature increases. Set point: Room temperature at 20  C Response: Heating starts.

12. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.5 (a) A walrus, an endotherm (b) A lizard, an ectotherm

13. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.5a (a) A walrus, an endotherm

14. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.5b (b) A lizard, an ectotherm

15. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.6 Radiation Convection Evaporation Conduction

16. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.7 Canada goose Blood flow Artery Vein Heat transfer Cool blood Warm blood Key 30  35  C 99 20  10  18  27  33  231

17. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.8 Sensor/control center: Thermostat in hypothalamus Stimulus: Decreased body temperature Body temperature increases. Body temperature decreases. Homeostasis: Internal body temperature of approximately 36–38  C Response: Blood vessels in skin dilate. Response: Shivering Sensor/control center: Thermostat in hypothalamus Response: Blood vessels in skin constrict. Stimulus: Increased body temperature Response: Sweat

18. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.8a Sensor/control center: Thermostat in hypothalamus Body temperature decreases. Homeostasis: Internal body temperature of approximately 36–38  C Response: Blood vessels in skin dilate. Stimulus: Increased body temperature Response: Sweat

19. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.8b Stimulus: Decreased body temperature Body temperature increases. Homeostasis: Internal body temperature of approximately 36–38  C Response: Shivering Sensor/control center: Thermostat in hypothalamus Response: Blood vessels in skin constrict.

20. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.9 Cell body of neuron Response Hormone Nerve impulse Signal travels everywhere. Signal travels to a specific location. Response Stimulus Nerve impulse Blood vessel Endocrine cell (a) Signaling by hormones Axons Axon (b) Signaling by neurons

21. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.9a Cell body of neuron Hormone Signal travels everywhere. Signal travels to a specific location. Stimulus Nerve impulse Blood vessel Endocrine cell (a) Signaling by hormones Axon (b) Signaling by neurons

22. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.9b Response Nerve impulse Response Blood vessel (a) Signaling by hormones Axons (b) Signaling by neurons

23. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.10 Response Hormone Low pH in duodenum S cells of duodenum secrete the hormone secretin ( ). Pancreas Stimulus Blood vessel Endocrine cell Pathway Example Bicarbonate release Target cells Negative feedback 

24. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.11a Pancreas Insulin Glucagon Testes (in males) Androgens Parathyroid glands Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Ovaries (in females) Estrogens Progestins Thyroid gland Thyroid hormone (T 3 and T 4 ) Calcitonin Pineal gland Melatonin Major Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Anterior pituitary Posterior pituitary Oxytocin Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH) Adrenal glands (atop kidneys) Adrenal medulla Epinephrine and norepinephrine Adrenal cortex Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids

25. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.11b Posterior pituitary Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus Hypothalamic hormones Hypothalamus Testes or ovaries Portal vessels Pituitary hormones Anterior pituitary Endocrine cells Thyroid gland Adrenal cortex Mammary glands MelanocytesLiver, bones, other tissues HORMONE TARGET Prolactin FSHTSH ACTH MSH GH

26. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.11ba Posterior pituitary Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus Hypothalamic hormones Hypothalamus Portal vessels Pituitary hormones Anterior pituitary Endocrine cells

27. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.11bb Adrenocorticotropic hormone Follicle-stimulating hormone Luteinizing hormone Testes or ovaries Melanocyte- stimulating hormone Thyroid gland Adrenal cortex Mammary glands Melanocytes Liver, bones, other tissues HORMONE TARGET Prolactin Growth hormone Thyroid-stimulating hormone

28. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.11c TSH circulation throughout body Anterior pituitary Thyroid gland Stimulus Response Thyroid hormone Thyroid hormone circulation throughout body TSH − TRH Neurosecretory cell Negative feedback Hypothalamus − Sensory neuron

29. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.11d Thyroid scan Low level of iodine uptake High level of iodine uptake

30. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.12 Pathway Sensory neuron Positive feedback  Hypothalamus/ posterior pituitary Example SucklingStimulus Neuro- secretory cell Smooth muscle in breasts Neuro- hormone Blood vessel Target cells Response Milk release Posterior pituitary secretes the neurohormone oxytocin ( ).

31. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.13 Different cellular responses Same receptors but different intracellular proteins (not shown) Glycogen breaks down and glucose is released from cell. Different cellular responses Different receptors Glycogen deposits Vessel dilates. Vessel constricts. (c) Intestinal blood vessel (b) Skeletal muscle blood vessel (a) Liver cell Epinephrine  receptor Epinephrine  receptor Epinephrine  receptor

32. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.14 Tadpole Adult frog

33. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.14a Tadpole

34. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.14b Adult frog

35. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.15 Gain of water and salt ions from food SALT WATER Gain of water and salt ions from drinking seawater Excretion of salt ions from gills Gain of water and some ions in food Excretion of salt ions and small amounts of water in scanty urine from kidneys FRESH WATER Osmotic water loss through gills and other parts of body surface Uptake of salt ions by gills Excretion of salt ions and large amounts of water in dilute urine from kidneys Osmotic water gain through gills and other parts of body surface Salt Water Key (a) Osmoregulation in a marine fish (b) Osmoregulation in a freshwater fish

36. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.15a Gain of water and salt ions from food SALT WATER Gain of water and salt ions from drinking seawater Excretion of salt ions from gills Excretion of salt ions and small amounts of water in scanty urine from kidneys Osmotic water loss through gills and other parts of body surface Salt Water (a) Osmoregulation in a marine fish

37. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.15b Gain of water and some ions in food FRESH WATER Uptake of salt ions by gills Excretion of salt ions and large amounts of water in dilute urine from kidneys Osmotic water gain through gills and other parts of body surface Salt Water (b) Osmoregulation in a freshwater fish

38. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.16 Most aquatic animals, including most bony fishes ProteinsNucleic acids Amino acids Nitrogenous bases Amino groups Mammals, most amphibians, sharks, some bony fishes Many reptiles (including birds), insects, land snails Ammonia Urea Uric acid

39. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.16a Most aquatic animals, including most bony fishes Mammals, most amphibians, sharks, some bony fishes Many reptiles (including birds), insects, land snails Ammonia Urea Uric acid

40. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.17 Capillary Filtration Excretory tubule Filtrate Reabsorption Secretion Urine Excretion

41. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.18 Tubules of protonephridia Tubule Opening in body wall Flame bulb Interstitial fluid filters through membrane. Tubule cell Cilia Nucleus of cap cell

42. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.19a Excretory Organs Posterior vena cava Renal artery and vein Aorta Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra Kidney

43. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.19b Kidney Structure Renal cortex Nephron Organization Nephron Types Renal medulla Renal artery Renal vein Renal pelvis Ureter Renal cortex Renal medulla Cortical nephron Juxtamedullary nephron Collecting duct Branch of renal vein Vasa recta Efferent arteriole from glomerulus Distal tubule Afferent arteriole from renal artery Glomerulus Bowman’s capsule Proximal tubule Peritubular capillaries Descending limb Ascending limb Loop of Henle

44. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.19ba Kidney Structure Renal cortex Renal medulla Renal artery Renal vein Renal pelvis Ureter

45. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.19bb Nephron Types Renal cortex Renal medulla Cortical nephron Juxtamedullary nephron

46. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.19bc Nephron Organization Collecting duct Branch of renal vein Vasa recta Efferent arteriole from glomerulus Distal tubule Afferent arteriole from renal artery Glomerulus Bowman’s capsule Proximal tubule Peritubular capillaries Descending limb Ascending limb Loop of Henle

47. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.20 Filtrate OUTER MEDULLA H2OH2O Salts (NaCI and others) HCO 3 − Glucose, amino acids HH Some drugs Passive transport Active transport Key INNER MEDULLA CORTEX Descending limb of loop of Henle H2OH2O Interstitial fluid NH 3 HH Nutrients HCO 3 − KK NaCI Proximal tubule H2OH2O Thick segment of ascending limb HH Urea HCO 3 − KK NaCI Distal tubule H2OH2O Thin segment of ascending limb NaCI H2OH2O Collecting duct 123543 Urea

48. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.20a Passive transport Active transport CORTEX Interstitial fluid NH 3 HH Nutrients HCO 3 − KK NaCI Proximal tubule H2OH2O HH HCO 3 − KK NaCI Distal tubule H2OH2O 1 Filtrate 4

49. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.20b OUTER MEDULLA Passive transport Active transport INNER MEDULLA Descending limb of loop of Henle H2OH2O Thick segment of ascending limb Urea Thin segment of ascending limb NaCI H2OH2O Collecting duct 2335

50. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.21-1 Passive transport Active transport mOsm/L CORTEX OUTER MEDULLA INNER MEDULLA 300 H2OH2O 1,200 900 600 400 300 H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O 400 900 600 1,200

51. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.21-2 Passive transport Active transport mOsm/L CORTEX OUTER MEDULLA INNER MEDULLA 300 H2OH2O 1,200 900 600 400 300 H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O NaCI 100 200 400 700 300 400 900 600 1,200

52. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.21-3 Passive transport Active transport H2OH2O mOsm/L CORTEX Urea OUTER MEDULLA INNER MEDULLA 300 NaCI H2OH2O H2OH2O 1,200 900 600 400 300 H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O NaCI 100 200 400 700 300 400 600 1,200 900 600 1,200 Urea NaCI H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O

53. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.22

54. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.23-1 STIMULUS: Increase in blood osmolarity Osmoreceptors trigger release of ADH. ADH

55. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.23-2 Distal tubule STIMULUS: Increase in blood osmolarity Increased permeability Osmoreceptors trigger release of ADH. Thirst ADH Collecting duct

56. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.23-3 Distal tubule H 2 O reabsorption STIMULUS: Increase in blood osmolarity Drinking of fluids Increased permeability Osmoreceptors trigger release of ADH. Thirst ADH Collecting duct Homeostasis

57. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.24-1 STIMULUS: Low blood pressure JGA releases renin. Distal tubule Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) Renin

58. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.24-2 ACE STIMULUS: Low blood pressure JGA releases renin. Distal tubule Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) Renin Angiotensin II Angiotensin I Angiotensinogen Liver

59. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.24-3 ACE STIMULUS: Low blood pressure JGA releases renin. Distal tubule Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) Renin Arterioles constrict. Angiotensin II Angiotensin I Angiotensinogen Liver

60. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.24-4 ACE Na  and H 2 O reabsorbed. STIMULUS: Low blood pressure JGA releases renin. Distal tubule Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) Renin Aldosterone Homeostasis Arterioles constrict. Adrenal gland Angiotensin II Angiotensin I Angiotensinogen Liver

61. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 32.1

62. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.UN01

63. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 32.UN02 Stimulus: Change in internal variable Homeostasis Response/effector Control center Sensor/receptor