1. Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. 3 Single-Row Functions

2. 3-2 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. Objectives After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following: Describe various types of functions available in SQL Use character, number, and date functions in SELECT statements Describe the use of conversion functions After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following: Describe various types of functions available in SQL Use character, number, and date functions in SELECT statements Describe the use of conversion functions

3. 3-3 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. SQL Functions FunctionInput arg 1 arg 2 arg n Function performs action OutputResultvalue

4. 3-4 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. Two Types of SQL Functions Functions Single-rowfunctions Multiple-rowfunctions

5. 3-5 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. Single-Row Functions Manipulate data items Accept arguments and return one value Act on each row returned Return one result per row May modify the datatype Can be nested Manipulate data items Accept arguments and return one value Act on each row returned Return one result per row May modify the datatype Can be nested function_name (column|expression, [arg1, arg2,...])

6. 3-6 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. Single-Row Functions Conversion Character Number Date General Single-rowfunctions

7. 3-7 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. Character Functions Characterfunctions LOWERUPPERINITCAP CONCATSUBSTRLENGTHINSTR LPAD, RPAD Case conversion functions Character manipulation functions Trim Ltrim, Rtrim Replace

8. 3-8 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. FunctionResult Case Conversion Functions Convert case for character strings LOWER( ' SQL Course ' ) UPPER( ' SQL Course ' ) INITCAP( ' SQL Course ' ) sql course SQL COURSE Sql Course

9. 3-9 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. Using Case Conversion Functions Display the employee number, name, and department number for employee Blake. SQL> SELECTempno, ename, deptno 2 FROMemp 3 WHEREename = 'blake'; no rows selected SQL> SELECTempno, ename, deptno 2 FROMemp 3 WHEREename = 'blake'; no rows selected EMPNO ENAME DEPTNO --------- ---------- --------- 7698 BLAKE 30 EMPNO ENAME DEPTNO --------- ---------- --------- 7698 BLAKE 30 SQL> SELECTempno, ename, deptno 2 FROMemp 3 WHERE LOWER(ename) = 'blake';

10. 3-10 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. CONCAT( ' Good ', ' String ' ) SUBSTR( ' String ',1,3) LENGTH( ' String ' ) INSTR( ' String ', ' r ' ) LPAD(sal,10, ' * ' ) Trim(‘S’ from ‘SSMITH’) Replace(‘toy’,’y’,’let’) GoodString Str 6 3 ******5000 MITH FunctionResult Character Manipulation Functions Manipulate character strings

11. 3-11 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. Using the Character Manipulation Functions SQL> SELECT ename, CONCAT (ename, job), LENGTH(ename), 2 INSTR(ename, 'A') 3 FROM emp 4 WHERE SUBSTR(job,1,5) = 'SALES'; ENAME CONCAT(ENAME,JOB) LENGTH(ENAME) INSTR(ENAME,'A') ---------- ------------------- ------------- ---------------- MARTIN MARTINSALESMAN 6 2 ALLEN ALLENSALESMAN 5 1 TURNER TURNERSALESMAN 6 0 WARD WARDSALESMAN 4 2

12. 3-12 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. Number Functions ROUND:Rounds value to specifieddecimal ROUND(45.926, 2)45.93 TRUNC:Truncates value to specified decimal TRUNC(45.926, 2) 45.92 MOD:Returns remainder of division MOD(1600, 300) 100 ROUND:Rounds value to specifieddecimal ROUND(45.926, 2)45.93 TRUNC:Truncates value to specified decimal TRUNC(45.926, 2) 45.92 MOD:Returns remainder of division MOD(1600, 300) 100

13. 3-13 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. Using the ROUND Function SQL> SELECT ROUND(45.923,2), ROUND(45.923,0), 2 ROUND(45.923,-1) 3 FROM DUAL; ROUND(45.923,2) ROUND(45.923,0) ROUND(45.923,-1) --------------- -------------- ----------------- 45.92 46 50

14. 3-14 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. SQL> SELECT TRUNC(45.923,2), TRUNC(45.923), 2 TRUNC(45.923,-1) 3 FROM DUAL; TRUNC(45.923,2) TRUNC(45.923) TRUNC(45.923,-1) --------------- ------------- --------------- 45.92 45 40 Using the TRUNC Function

15. 3-15 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. Using the MOD Function Calculate the remainder of the ratio of salary to commission for all employees whose job title is salesman. SQL> SELECTename, sal, comm, MOD(sal, comm) 2 FROMemp 3 WHEREjob = 'SALESMAN'; ENAME SAL COMM MOD(SAL,COMM) ---------- --------- --------- ------------- MARTIN 1250 1400 1250 ALLEN 1600 300 100 TURNER 1500 0 1500 WARD 1250 500 250

16. 3-16 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. Working with Dates Oracle stores dates in an internal numeric format: century, year, month, day, hours, minutes, seconds. The default date format is DD-MON-YY. SYSDATE is a function returning date and time. DUAL is a dummy table used to view SYSDATE. Oracle stores dates in an internal numeric format: century, year, month, day, hours, minutes, seconds. The default date format is DD-MON-YY. SYSDATE is a function returning date and time. DUAL is a dummy table used to view SYSDATE.

17. 3-17 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. Arithmetic with Dates Add or subtract a number to or from a date for a resultant date value. Subtract two dates to find the number of days between those dates. Add hours to a date by dividing the number of hours by 24. Add or subtract a number to or from a date for a resultant date value. Subtract two dates to find the number of days between those dates. Add hours to a date by dividing the number of hours by 24.

18. 3-18 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. Using Arithmetic Operators with Dates SQL> SELECT ename, (SYSDATE-hiredate)/7 WEEKS 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE deptno = 10; ENAME WEEKS ---------- --------- KING 830.93709 CLARK 853.93709 MILLER 821.36566

19. 3-19 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. Date Functions Number of months between two dates MONTHS_BETWEEN ADD_MONTHS NEXT_DAY LAST_DAY ROUND TRUNC Add calendar months to date Next day of the date specified Last day of the month Round date Truncate date FunctionDescription

20. 3-20 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. MONTHS_BETWEEN ('01-SEP-95','11-JAN-94')MONTHS_BETWEEN ('01-SEP-95','11-JAN-94') Using Date Functions ADD_MONTHS ('11-JAN-94',6)ADD_MONTHS ('11-JAN-94',6) NEXT_DAY ('01-SEP-95','FRIDAY')NEXT_DAY ('01-SEP-95','FRIDAY') LAST_DAY('01-SEP-95')LAST_DAY('01-SEP-95') 19.6774194 '11-JUL-94' '08-SEP-95' '30-SEP-95'

21. 3-21 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. Using Date Functions Round(to_date(’25-jul-05’),’month’) 01-Aug-05 Round(to_date(’25-jul-05’),’Year’) 01-Jan-06 Trunc(to_date(’25-jul-05’),’month’) 01-Jul-05 Trunc(to_date(’25-jul-05’),’year’) 01-Jan-05

22. 3-22 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

23. 3-23 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. Conversion Functions Implicit datatype conversion Explicit datatype conversion Datatypeconversion

24. 3-24 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. Implicit Datatype Conversion For assignments, the Oracle can automatically convert the following: VARCHAR2 or CHAR FromTo VARCHAR2 or CHAR NUMBER DATE NUMBER DATE VARCHAR2

25. 3-25 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. Implicit Datatype Conversion For expression evaluation, the Oracle Server can automatically convert the following: VARCHAR2 or CHAR FromTo VARCHAR2 or CHAR NUMBER DATE

26. 3-26 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. Explicit Datatype Conversion NUMBERCHARACTER TO_CHARTO_NUMBER DATETO_CHAR TO_DATE

27. 3-27 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. TO_CHAR Function with Dates The format model: Must be enclosed in single quotation marks and is case sensitive Can include any valid date format element Has an fm element to remove padded blanks or suppress leading zeros Is separated from the date value by a comma The format model: Must be enclosed in single quotation marks and is case sensitive Can include any valid date format element Has an fm element to remove padded blanks or suppress leading zeros Is separated from the date value by a comma TO_CHAR(date, 'fmt')

28. 3-28 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. YYYY Elements of Date Format Model YEAR MM MONTH DY DAY Full year in numbers Year spelled out Two-digit value for month Three-letter abbreviation of the day of the week Full name of the day Full name of the month

29. 3-29 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. Elements of Date Format Model Time elements format the time portion of the date. Time elements format the time portion of the date. Add character strings by enclosing them in double quotation marks. Add character strings by enclosing them in double quotation marks. Number suffixes spell out numbers. Number suffixes spell out numbers. Time elements format the time portion of the date. Time elements format the time portion of the date. Add character strings by enclosing them in double quotation marks. Add character strings by enclosing them in double quotation marks. Number suffixes spell out numbers. Number suffixes spell out numbers. HH24:MI:SS AM15:45:32 PM DD "of" MONTH12 of OCTOBERddspthfourteenth

30. 3-30 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. Using TO_CHAR Function with Dates SQL> SELECTename, 2 TO_CHAR(hiredate, 'fmDD Month YYYY') HIREDATE 3 FROM emp; ENAME HIREDATE ---------- ----------------- KING 17 November 1981 BLAKE 1 May 1981 CLARK 9 June 1981 JONES 2 April 1981 MARTIN 28 September 1981 ALLEN 20 February 1981... 14 rows selected.

31. 3-31 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. TO_CHAR Function with Numbers Use these formats with the TO_CHAR function to display a number value as a character: TO_CHAR(number, 'fmt') 9 0 $ L., Represents a number Forces a zero to be displayed Places a floating dollar sign Uses the floating local currency symbol Prints a decimal point Prints a thousand indicator

32. 3-32 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. Using TO_CHAR Function with Numbers SQL> SELECTTO_CHAR(sal,'$99,999') SALARY 2 FROMemp 3 WHEREename = 'SCOTT'; SALARY -------- $3,000

33. 3-33 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. TO_NUMBER and TO_DATE Functions Convert a character string to a number format using the TO_NUMBER function TO_NUMBER(char[, 'fmt']) Convert a character string to a date format using the TO_DATE function TO_DATE(char[, 'fmt'])

34. 3-34 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. RR Date Format Current Year 1995 2001 Specified Date 27-OCT-95 27-OCT-17 27-OCT-95 RR Format 1995 2017 1995 YY Format 1995 1917 2017 2095 If two digits of the current year are: 0–49 50–99 The return date is in the current century The return date is in the century after the current one The return date is in the century before the current one The return date is in the current century If the specified two-digit year is:

35. 3-35 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. NVL Function Converts null to an actual value Datatypes that can be used are date, character, and number. Datatypes must match – NVL(comm,0) – NVL(hiredate,'01-JAN-97') – NVL(job,'No Job Yet') Converts null to an actual value Datatypes that can be used are date, character, and number. Datatypes must match – NVL(comm,0) – NVL(hiredate,'01-JAN-97') – NVL(job,'No Job Yet')

36. 3-36 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. SQL> SELECT ename, sal, comm, (sal*12)+NVL(comm,0) 2 FROM emp; Using the NVL Function ENAME SAL COMM (SAL*12)+NVL(COMM,0) ---------- --------- --------- -------------------- KING 5000 60000 BLAKE 2850 34200 CLARK 2450 29400 JONES 2975 35700 MARTIN 1250 1400 16400 ALLEN 1600 300 19500... 14 rows selected.

37. 3-37 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. NVL2(expr1,expr2,expr3) If exp1 is not null it returns exp2 If exp1 is null it returns exp3 Example: Select nvl2(comm,comm+sal,sal) from emp If exp1 is not null it returns exp2 If exp1 is null it returns exp3 Example: Select nvl2(comm,comm+sal,sal) from emp

38. 3-38 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. NULLIF(expr1,expr2) Compares 2 expressions and returns null if they are equal or the first expression if they are not equal. Example: Select ename,length(ename),job,length(job), NULLIF(ename,job) from emp; Compares 2 expressions and returns null if they are equal or the first expression if they are not equal. Example: Select ename,length(ename),job,length(job), NULLIF(ename,job) from emp;

39. 3-39 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. Coalesce(expr1,expr2…..exprn) Shows the first not null expressions Example: Select coalesce(comm,sal,job) from emp; Shows the first not null expressions Example: Select coalesce(comm,sal,job) from emp;

40. 3-40 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. CASE Expressions Example: Select ename,job,sal, Case job when ‘ANALYST’ then sal+1500 when ‘CLERK’ then sal+2000 when ‘CLERK’ then sal+2000 when ‘MANAGER’ then sal+2500 when ‘MANAGER’ then sal+2500ElseSal End “Revised Salary” from emp; Example: Select ename,job,sal, Case job when ‘ANALYST’ then sal+1500 when ‘CLERK’ then sal+2000 when ‘CLERK’ then sal+2000 when ‘MANAGER’ then sal+2500 when ‘MANAGER’ then sal+2500ElseSal End “Revised Salary” from emp;

41. 3-41 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. CASE Expressions contd. Example: Select ename,job,sal, Case when sal between 500 and 1000 then sal * 0.3 when sal between 1000 and 2000 then sal * 0.2 when sal > 2000 then sal * 0.1 ElseSal End “Bonus” from emp; Example: Select ename,job,sal, Case when sal between 500 and 1000 then sal * 0.3 when sal between 1000 and 2000 then sal * 0.2 when sal > 2000 then sal * 0.1 ElseSal End “Bonus” from emp;

42. 3-42 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. Case Expression Select ename,job,sal, Case sal when 1000 then sal+1500 when 5000 then sal+2000 when 5000 then sal+2000 when 3000 then sal+2500 when 3000 then sal+2500 End "Revised Salary" from emp Select ename,job,sal, Case sal when 1000 then sal+1500 when 5000 then sal+2000 when 5000 then sal+2000 when 3000 then sal+2500 when 3000 then sal+2500 End "Revised Salary" from emp

43. 3-43 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. DECODE Function Facilitates conditional inquiries by doing the work of a CASE or IF-THEN-ELSE statement DECODE(col/expression, search1, result1 [, search2, result2,...,] [, default]) DECODE(col/expression, search1, result1 [, search2, result2,...,] [, default])

44. 3-44 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. Using the DECODE Function SQL> SELECT job, sal, 2 DECODE(job, 'ANALYST', SAL*1.1, 3 'CLERK', SAL*1.15, 4 'MANAGER', SAL*1.20, 5 SAL) 6 REVISED_SALARY 7 FROM emp; JOB SAL REVISED_SALARY --------- --------- -------------- PRESIDENT 5000 5000 MANAGER 2850 3420 MANAGER 2450 2940... 14 rows selected.

45. 3-45 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. Using the DECODE Function SQL> SELECT ename, sal, 2 DECODE(TRUNC(sal/1000, 0), 3 0, 0.00, 4 1, 0.09, 5 2, 0.20, 6 3, 0.30, 7 4, 0.40, 8 5, 0.42, 9 6, 0.44, 10 0.45) TAX_RATE 11 FROM emp 12 WHERE deptno = 30; Display the applicable tax rate for each employee in department 30.

46. 3-46 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. Finding range using decode Select sal,decode(sal, least(sal,1200),sal*2, least(sal,1600),sal*3,least(sal,2000),sal*4, Least(sal,5000),sal*4,sal) from emp; Select sal,decode(greatest(sal,1000),least(sal,1300), sal*2,sal) c1, decode(greatest(sal,1500),least(sal,2000), sal*3,sal) c2 from emp; Select sal,decode(sal, least(sal,1200),sal*2, least(sal,1600),sal*3,least(sal,2000),sal*4, Least(sal,5000),sal*4,sal) from emp; Select sal,decode(greatest(sal,1000),least(sal,1300), sal*2,sal) c1, decode(greatest(sal,1500),least(sal,2000), sal*3,sal) c2 from emp;

47. 3-47 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. Nesting Functions Single-row functions can be nested to any level. Nested functions are evaluated from deepest level to the least-deep level. Single-row functions can be nested to any level. Nested functions are evaluated from deepest level to the least-deep level. F3(F2(F1(col,arg1),arg2),arg3) Step 1 = Result 1 Step 2 = Result 2 Step 3 = Result 3

48. 3-48 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. Nesting Functions SQL> SELECTename, 2 NVL(TO_CHAR(mgr),'No Manager') 3 FROMemp 4 WHEREmgr IS NULL; ENAME NVL(TO_CHAR(MGR),'NOMANAGER') ---------- ----------------------------- KING No Manager

49. 3-49 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. Summary Use functions to do the following: Perform calculations on data Modify individual data items Manipulate output for groups of rows Alter date formats for display Convert column datatypes Use functions to do the following: Perform calculations on data Modify individual data items Manipulate output for groups of rows Alter date formats for display Convert column datatypes

50. 3-50 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. Practice Overview Creating queries that require the use of numeric, character, and date functions Using concatenation with functions Writing case-insensitive queries to test the usefulness of character functions Performing calculations of years and months of service for an employee Determining the review date for an employee Creating queries that require the use of numeric, character, and date functions Using concatenation with functions Writing case-insensitive queries to test the usefulness of character functions Performing calculations of years and months of service for an employee Determining the review date for an employee

51. 3-51 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

52. 3-52 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

53. 3-53 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

54. 3-54 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

55. 3-55 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

56. 3-56 Copyright  Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.