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First Six Weeks Exam Review
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What is Psychology?
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Psychology: the study of the human mind and its functions, especially those affecting behavior in a specific context.
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What are the Goals of Psychology? Chapter 1 Section 1 (p. 7-13)
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Description Explanation Prediction Influence
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Which Goal? A psychologist develops a hypothesis, or an assumption about behavior that will be tested through scientific research.
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Prediction
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Which Goal? A psychologist takes careful notes on the behavior of rats as they complete a maze.
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Description
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Which Goal? Behavioral psychologists develop a theory that the environment and not emotion or cognitive processes are what influence human behavior.
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Explanation
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Which Goal? The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services develops MyPlate.gov to provide tips for healthy eating for both kids and adults.
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Influence
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History of Psychology Chapter 1 Section 2 (p. 14-16)
Historical Approaches: Phrenology Dualism Structuralism Functionalism
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Phrenology Shape of the head directly affects intellect and behavior.
Pseudoscience justified racism and imperialism.
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Dualism The mind is separate from the brain and body.
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Structuralism first modern school of psychology focused on breaking down mental processes into basic parts.
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Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener divided consciousness into sensations, images and affections (emotions related to sensory images).
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Functionalism The study of how animals and humans adapt to their environments. Study of the function (rather than structure) of consciousness and of human behavior.
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Functionalism William James (1842 – 1910)
“Father of psychology” in the United States Proponent of functionalism.
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Contemporary Approaches
Chapter 1 Section 2 (p ) Study your chart!
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Contemporary Approaches
Which Approach is described? Psychoanalytic Behavioral Humanistic Cognitive Biological Sociocultural
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Which Approach? Events in the environment (rewards and punishments) influence our behavior.
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Behavioral Events in the environment (rewards and punishments) influence our behavior.
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Which Approach? Unconscious motives and conflicts determine human behavior.
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Psychoanalytic Unconscious motives and conflicts determine human behavior.
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Which Approach? Sigmund Freud Carl Jung
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Psychoanalytic Sigmund Freud Carl Jung
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Which Approach? Ivan Pavlov John B. Watson B.F. Skinner
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Behavioral Ivan Pavlov John B. Watson B.F. Skinner
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Which Approach? Each person has freedom in determining their future. Individual choices influence behavior.
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Humanistic Each person has freedom in determining their future. Individual choices influence behavior.
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Which Approach? Physical and chemical changes (biological factors) in our bodies influence behavior.
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Biological Physical and chemical changes (biological factors) in our bodies influence behavior.
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Which Approach? Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers Rollo May
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Humanistic Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers Rollo May
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Which Approach? How humans process, store and retrieve information influences their behavior.
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Cognitive How humans process, store and retrieve information influences their behavior.
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Which Approach? Jean Piaget Noam Chomsky
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Cognitive Jean Piaget Noam Chomsky
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Which Approach? Ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status influence human behavior.
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Sociocultural Ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status influence human behavior.
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Research Methods Chapter 2 Section 1 (p. 35-41)
Study your lecture notes!
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Research Terms to Know an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations
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Research Terms to Know Theory
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Research Terms to Know a testable prediction, often implied by a theory
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Research Terms to Know Hypothesis
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Research Terms to Know retesting the same subjects over many years
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Research Terms to Know Longitudinal Study
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Research Terms to Know comparing a variety of subjects at one time
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Research Terms to Know Cross-sectional Study
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Types of Research Naturalistic Observation Case Study Survey
Experiment
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Which Type of Research? The investigator manipulates variables
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Which Type of Research? Experiment
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Which Type of Research? One person is studied in depth.
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Which Type of Research? Case Study
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Which Type of Research? Observing and recording behavior without trying to control the situation.
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Which Type of Research? Naturalistic Observation
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Which Type of Research? Questioning a random sample to collect self-reported attitudes or behaviors.
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Which Type of Research? Survey
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What is a Correlation? Two sets of data that are related.
Positive or negative. Correlation is NOT causation.
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Scientific Method Step 1. Ask a Research Question Step 2. Form a Hypothesis Step 3. Determine Variables Step 4. Experiment/Test Experimental Group Vs. Control Group Measure the difference Step 5. Compare Measurements Step 6. Interpret Results and Draw Conclusions
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