1. OA Answer the question at the top of page 448, “What Limits Should There Be on Freedom of Speech?” Chapter 18 Section 3 – Who is George III?

2. Chapter 18 Mr. Schoff Global History I

3. Philosophy In the Age of Reason During the Scientific Revolution, scientists used reason to explain why things happened in the universe By the early 1700s, Europeans also used reason to discover the natural laws of human behavior that explained why people act the way they do With these laws, they hoped to solve the problems of society This was the Age of Reason, or the Enlightenment Some Enlightenment thinkers wanted to reform government John Locke believed that the government must protect the natural rights of the people Natural rights are rights that belong to all humans from birth If the government did not protect these rights, the people had the right to overthrow it

4. Thinkers… The Baron de Montesquieu wanted to divide the government into three branches to create a separation of powers Each branch would make sure the other two branches did not become too powerful This system is called checks and balances In France, thinkers said that Enlightenment ideas could improve society Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued that in a perfect society, people made and obeyed the laws Voltaire argued for freedom of thought and of speech Other thinkers used reason to reform the economy of Europe – They believed that government should let business run itself – This belief is called laissez faire The economist Adam Smith argued that a free market works through supply and demand

5. More thinking… Thomas Hobbes People are greedy and selfish Only a powerful government can create a peaceful, orderly society Baron de Montesquieu The powers of government should be separated into three branches Each branch will keep the other branches from becoming too powerful John Locke People have natural rights It is the job of government to protect these natural rights If government does not protect these rights, the people have the right to overthrow it Jean-Jacques Rousseau In a perfect society, people both make and obey the laws What is good for everyone is more important than what is good for one person

6. Enlightenment Ideas Spread As Enlightenment ideas spread across Europe, people began to question the old ways and demand reform A fair society, they thought, should provide material well- being, justice, and happiness However, government and the Church believed that God had set up society as it was To stop the new ideas, they burned Enlightenment books and put the writers in prison Philosophers asked rulers to adopt reforms Enlightened despots were absolute rulers who used their power to reform society Frederick II of Prussia improved the government and tolerated different religions He gave tools and seeds to peasants Catherine the Great of Russia reformed Russian law and government Joseph II of Austria made the most reforms

7. Arts, etc. During the 1600s and 1700s, the arts also changed to reflect Enlightenment ideas Baroque paintings were huge and full of excitement Rococo art tended to be personal and charming Ballet and opera became popular Brilliant musicians such as Mozart and Handel wrote beautiful symphonies and operas During this period, most Europeans were peasants living in small villages They knew little of the Enlightenment In Western Europe, serfdom had almost disappeared In central and Eastern Europe, however, most peasants were still tied to the land

8. Great Britain During the 1600s and 1700s, Britain built an empire that reached around the world Its island location allowed Britain to control trade during the Renaissance Unrestricted trade helped merchants build settlements in the West Indies, North America, and India – In addition, the British gained control of the slave trade in Spanish America, which brought riches to Britain Finally, Britain built a powerful navy and was on the winning side in most conflicts during the period

9. Political Parties During the 1700s, the British built a constitutional government where governmental power was defined and limited by law The new government included three important new institutions These were political parties, the cabinet, and the office of prime minister The first political parties were made up of rich, powerful men who shared beliefs – The Tories were conservative – The Whigs were liberal – The cabinet was a group of members of Parliament who advised the King and helped make policy – The prime minister was the leader of the cabinet

10. British gov’t Even with these changes, British government remained an oligarchy—a government where a few powerful nobles and rich landowners controlled Parliament Only male property owners could vote A small middle class controlled the towns and cities Most people were poor farmers who struggled to survive They had no power in the British government

11. Birth of the American Republic By 1750, the British empire included 13 colonies along the eastern coast of North America People from many religions and backgrounds made their home there The colonies were part of a trade network linking North America, the West Indies, Africa, and Europe After 1763, serious problems developed between Britain and the colonies The British wanted to control colonial trade and manufacturing as well as raise taxes This made the colonists angry The colonists felt that the king was taking away their rights as British citizens

12. The Constitution In 1775, war broke out between the colonists and the British government The following year, the colonists declared independence from Britain Using Enlightenment ideas, the writers of the Declaration of Independence stated that the colonists had the right to revolt against an unfair government They called their new nation the United States of America In 1781, the colonists defeated the British The leaders of the United States of America set up a federal republic and adopted a Constitution in 1787 The Constitution included many Enlightenment ideas Among these were separation of powers and checks and balances The Constitution also stated that the duty of the government was to protect the rights of the people

13. Declaration of Independence Approved July 4, 1776 People have the right to overthrow government that does not protect their rights The British government has not protected the rights of the colonists The colonists declare independence from Britain and create the United States of America