2.  Conceptual Origins  Nature- behavioral and personality traits originate from heredity Traits come from biological parents  Nurture- behavioral and personality traits come from the environment in which individual is raised in Traits come from setting vs.

3.  Historical Origins  Exact origin of titled concept is unknown  Discussed by Francis Galton (English Victorian Polymath), Shakespeare, Charles Darwin, and John Locke (English Philosopher) in various settings

4.  What factors influence one’s opinions on “Nature vs. Nurture?”  Decade Born?  Political Affiliation?  Number of Siblings?  Is there a noticeable difference in the opinions of males and females?

5.  Written survey taken by subjects in public place (Valley Square)  Systematic sampling- every other person seen was chosen to take survey Parents with young children disregarded for politeness  Surveys taken on Wednesday, June 1 st, between 3pm and 5pm  Additional surveys completed by adult members of Zack and George’s scout troops  We needed more old people

6.  Gender (circle one): Male Female  Decade Born (circle one): 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s  Political Affiliation (circle One): Republican Democrat Independent Other None   Number of siblings (circle one): 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+  In your opinion, do someone’s behavioral and personality traits originate more from heredity (NATURE) or the environment in which he/she was raised (NURTURE)? Please circle the ratio of the relationship between “nature” and “nurture” that is closest to your opinions.  100% Nature  75% Nature, 25% Nurture  50% Nature, 50% Nurture  25% Nature, 75% Nurture  100% Nurture

7.  All data categorized and entered into fathom Some groups combined so all conditions could be met Response to Nature vs. Nurture question, decade born, political affiliation  X² Test of Independence performed on each variable Conditions checked and met Mechanics performed Conclusions made  Two out of four variables (gender, decade born, political affiliation, number of siblings) DO affect one’s opinions on Nature vs. Nurture!

8.  Predict which two variables have a relationship with one’s opinion on nature vs. nurture  Gender?  Decade Born?  Political Affiliation?  Number of Siblings?  What is the relationship?

10. Choice A: Majority/All Nature Choice B: 50/50 Nature/Nurture Choice C: Majority/ All Nurture M: Male F: Female

11. - Males: - Choice A: 27.1% - Choice B: 35.6% - Choice C: 37.3% - Females: - Choice A: 20.8% - Choice B: 45.8% - Choice C: 33.3%

12. Choice A: Majority/All Nature Choice B: 50/50 Nature/Nurture Choice C: Majority/ All Nurture Decade A: 1930s-1960s Decade B: 1970s-1990s

13. -1930s-1960s: -Choice A: 40.8% -Choice B: 28.6% -Choice C: 30.6% -1970s-1990s: -Choice A: 10.3% -Choice B: 50% -Choice C: 39.7%

14. Choice A: Majority/All Nature Choice B: 50/50 Nature/Nurture Choice C: Majority/ All Nurture D: Democrat O: Other R: Republican

15. - Democrats: - Choice A: 26.3% - Choice B: 39.5% - Choice C: 34.2% - Republicans: - Choice A: 10.3% - Choice B: 50% - Choice C: 39.7% - Other - Choice A: 33.3% - Choice B: 36.7% - Choice C: 30%

16. Choice A: Majority/All Nature Choice B: 50/50 Nature/Nurture Choice C: Majority/ All Nurture Sibling Choice A: 0-2 Siblings Sibling Choice B: 3+ Siblings

17. -0 to 2 Siblings: -Choice A: 10.8% Choice B: 52.3% Choice C: 36.9% -3+ Siblings -Choice A: 45.2% -Choice B: 21.4% -Choice C: 33.3%

18. 44.9% 55.1% 35.5% 28% 36.5%60.7% 39.3% 45.8% 54.2%

19.  Political affiliation and gender do not effect an individual’s opinions on Nature vs. Nurture in our community  Decade born and number of siblings DO effect an individual’s opinion on Nature vs. Nurture  Individuals born from 1930s-1960s more likely to believe that NATURE is a larger factor  Individuals born from 1970s-1990s more likely to believe that Nature and Nurture play equal roles or that NURTURE is a larger factor  Individuals with 3+ siblings are more likely to believe that NATURE is a larger factor

21.  Conditions  1) Categorical Data--- Gender is categorical  2) SRS--- Yes, systematic sampling of random population  3) All expected counts ≥5--- Yes they are  Ho: No association exists between Gender and NvN  Ha: Association exists between Gender and NvN

22. DF= 2 P(X²>1.237)=.54 -We fail to reject Ho because P-value.54 > α=.05. -We have sufficient evidence that there is no association between gender and opinion on Nature vs. Nurture

23.  Conditions  1) Categorical Data--- Decade Born is categorical  2) SRS--- Yes, systematic sampling of random population  3) All expected counts ≥5--- Yes they are  Ho: No association exists between decade born and NvN  Ha: Association exists between decade born and NvN

24. DF=2P(X²>13.8)=.001 -We reject Ho because P-value.001< α=.005 - We have sufficient evidence that an association exists between decade born and opinion on Nature vs. Nurture

25.  Conditions  1) Categorical Data-Political Affiliation is categorical  2) SRS--- Yes, systematic sampling of random population  3) All expected counts ≥5--- Yes they are  Ho: No association exists between political affiliation and NvN  Ha: Association exists between political affiliation and NvN

26. DF=4 P(X²>3.165) =.53 - We fail to reject Ho because P-value.53> α=.005 -We have sufficient evidence that there is no association between political affiliation and opinion on Nature vs. Nurture

27. Conditions 1) Categorical Number of siblings (in this case) is categorical 2) SRS--- Yes, systematic sampling of random population 3) All expected counts ≥5--- Yes they are Ho: No association exists between number of siblings and NvN Ha: Association exists between number of siblings and NvN

28. DF= 2P(X²>18.62)=.0001 -We reject Ho because P-value.0001 < α=.005 -We have sufficient evidence that an association exists between number of siblings and opinion on Nature vs. Nurture

29.  From the findings of the X² Tests of Independence, we can conclude that in our population:  No association exists between one’s opinion on Nature vs. Nurture and gender  No association exists between one’s opinion on Nature vs. Nurture and political affiliation  An association exists between one’s opinion on Nature vs. Nurture and the decade in which one was born  An association exists between one’s opinion on Nature vs. Nurture and the number of siblings one has

30.  One visit to Valley Square not fully representative of population  Multiple visits in other public places could be yield more accurate results  Parents with young children disregarded  Perhaps parents with young children have particular opinions on Nature vs. Nurture  Personal error  Only one person asked for volunteers  Intimidation factor- 3 observers approaching one subject  Bias in wording or survey  Response bias in survey

31.  Surprised with association between siblings and opinions on Nature vs. Nurture  We thought that the association would be the reverse of what it turned out to be  Not surprised with association between decade born and opinions on Nature vs. Nurture  Opinions are more progressive as time progresses- who you are is not solely determined by your genes  Not surprised with no associations between political affiliation/ gender and Nature vs. Nurture