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History of Computers and Performance David Monismith Jan. 14, 2015 Based on notes from Dr. Bill Siever and from the Patterson and Hennessy Text.

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Presentation on theme: "History of Computers and Performance David Monismith Jan. 14, 2015 Based on notes from Dr. Bill Siever and from the Patterson and Hennessy Text."— Presentation transcript:

1 History of Computers and Performance David Monismith Jan. 14, 2015 Based on notes from Dr. Bill Siever and from the Patterson and Hennessy Text

2 Finishing History ENIAC - Used punch cards – See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card#medi aviewer/File:Blue-punch-card-front-horiz.png for an example http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card#medi aviewer/File:Blue-punch-card-front-horiz.png

3 Von Neumann Model John von Neumann gave us concept of stored program This is important because von Neumann’s model is the foundation of modern computer science von Neumann machine (Stored program concept of both data and program stored in memory) Basic components of CPU and Main memory – CPU = ALU + Control Unit + Registers Program and data are stored in main memory Low level programming = AND ADD OR SUB JUMP …

4 Even More History Older computers used vacuum tubes Modern microprocessors consist of transistors – First solid state Transistor developed in 1947 at Bell Labs – First semiconductor transistor developed in 1954 (TI) – First metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) 1960 (Bell labs) – Led to integrated circuit (IC) - set of electronic circuits on a small plate of semiconductor material (eventually printable) – Important because ICs can be made smaller, faster, cheaper, and to use less power Each of these innovations led to today's computers and allowed for more abstract designs

5 Gordon Moore, Intel Corp. Note that Gordon Moore (co-founder of Intel) coined Moore's law – The number of transistors on chip doubles every 18 months

6 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law#mediaviewer/File:Transistor_Count_and_Moore%27s_Law_-_2011.svg

7 Parts of a Computer Many of these components were developed between the 1950’s and 1970’s – Input: mouse/keyboard, gesture/touch recognition – Output: monitor, printer, LEDs, ethernet, wireless – Processor – Interconnect – Memory (primary and secondary storage)

8 Performance Evaluation What is performance? What is the best computer? – Processor? – Hard disk or SSD? – Memory? – Etc.

9 An Example From P&H Text PlanePassengersRange (miles) Speed (mph) Passenger Throughput (#passengers * speed) Boeing 787-9 2908500567164430 Boeing 747-8L 6059200570344850 Concorde12045001340160800 Boeing 737-800 162551051182782

10 Analysis of the Example Which is the best? – It depends upon the situation. What about the best efficiency? Best speed? Best throughput? – Total work done in a given amount of time Best for the route we are flying?

11 Performance Choosing and understanding performance figures of merit is key to choosing the appropriate device – Speed of execution – Energy consumption – Bandwidth vs. latency – Resource cost – Many more figures of merit exist and they can be quite difficult to use

12 Energy Consumption How power is used by the unit? What is the amount of power per unit of computation? – Note that there is a “power wall” that currently limits the on chip clock frequency. – Clock frequency, sometimes called “speed” of the chip is related to the inverse square of the voltage applied. Voltage applied is directly related to power, which in turn is directly related to heat. Faster clocks = more heat Since the late 1990’s/early 2000’s, there has been a push to add more parallelism on chip rather than higher clock speeds Dr. Edward Bosworth provides a more detailed description of the “power wall” at http://www.edwardbosworth.com/My5155_Slides/Chapter01/TheP owerWall.doc http://www.edwardbosworth.com/My5155_Slides/Chapter01/TheP owerWall.doc

13 Speed of Execution and Operations per Second What is the clock speed of your processor? 1GHz? 1.5GHz? 4GHz? – How does this compare to other systems? – Is it fair to compare a 2.5 GHz Xeon E5-2680 to a 3GHz Pentium 4? Probably not. Another way to perform comparisons is based on: – Timing – MIPS - Millions of Instructions Per Second – FLOPS - Floating point operations per second – Not the same as MIPS processor - Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages

14 Other Figures of Merit Bandwidth – How much data can be transmitted over a line per unit time Latency (Memory, Disk) – How long does it take to retrieve data (e.g. disk access time) Resource Cost – $/GB, $/unit, $/GHz

15 Analytical vs Benchmarked (Experimental) Performance Analytical performance computations – Rigorous analysis of computer model – Determines exact timings or exact range of timings – Not used for general purpose computers (typically only for real time systems or simple/small programs) because of difficulty Benchmarking is done when it is not possible to compute time constraints or when there is an unknown workload

16 Benchmarked Performance Techniques P&H defines performance as 1/execution time For example, given two computers A and B. Run same program on both. A task runs in 10s on A The same task runs in 20s on B Performance of machine A is 1/10 =.1 Performance of machine B = 1/20 =.05 More examples on the whiteboard

17 Speedup Performance A / Performance B is Speedup PerfA/PerfB = 2 Machine A is twice as fast as machine B for this task This means the speedup for running this task on Machine A is 2

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