1. So far…  Liberalism  UN Charter  UDHR

2. Cassin’s Portico: UDHR “Integrated” Document

3. What UDHR Achieved 58 member states with varied  Ideologies  Political systems  Religious and Cultural backgrounds  Socio-economic development First time HR set forth in such detail Principles enshrined in national legislations HR should be taken together

4. Claims and Implementation What kinds of claims can be made?  Civil  Political  Economic  Social  Cultural How are they made?

5. Concepts to know in relation to HR  Anti-majoritarian  Hegemony  Between states  Peacetime  Premised on a particular notion of personhood – the self-possessed individual  Share principles  Soft power  What doesn’t the UDHR Cover/address?

6. Where we are going..  Institutionalization  Enforcement/Adjudication/Supranational Mechanisms for Implementation of HR “Norms”

7. United Nations

8. UN EMBLEMUN FLAG

10. UN Organs Chart  http://www.un.org/aboutun/chart_en.pdf

11. General Assembly  192 Member countries  Each with one vote  Meets annually  Members discuss, debate, recommend  No binding authority  Approves UN’s budget  Establish agencies and programs to carry out recommendations.

13. Security Council  Maintain and restore international peace  Decisions are binding on all UN members  Power to define threat + determine actions  Enforce decisions by ordering members to act  15 members; 5 permanent; 10 rotating  Decisions require 9 votes BUT  Veto right of the great powers  Convenes any time of “threat to the peace”

14. Security Council

15. Secretariat  UN’s executive branch  Oversees administration of UN’s policies  Day-to-day administration  Headed by SG, who is UN’s spokesperson  Develop international civil service of diplomats and bureaucrats whose loyalties are not tied to any one country

16. Secretary General  Chosen by General Assembly  Nominated by SC  5-year renewable term  Brings issues to SC  Mediates over conflicts

17. Secretaries General

18. Economic and Social Council or ECOSOC  Coordinates UN’s economic and social work  54 member countries elected by GA  3-year terms  Studies and recommends actions on international topics, i.e. medicine, education  5 regional commissions  9 topical commissions  Specialized agencies provide social services

20. International Court of Justice  aka World Court, The Hague, The Netherlands  Judicial arm of UN; do not confuse with ICC  15 judges elected by SC/GA  No requirement to participate  No stare decisis (decisions binding on parties)  States are parties (not individuals)  Advisory Opinions

21. ICJ aka World Court

22. Trusteeship Council  Est. to oversee transition of certain colonies to independence  Last of those colonies gained independence in 1994  obsolete

23. Membership in the UN  New members admitted with recommendation by SC and 2/3 vote of GA  Early years UN West-dominated  Balance of power changed in 50s – 60s  US primary user of veto  Taiwan issue

24. FUNDING  Member states pay dues  Based on wealth and ability to pay  Member states also make additional $$ contributions for peacekeeping missions  US largest contributor, 22% of UN’s 2006 budget; 26% of peacekeeping  http://www.unausa.org

26. Towards the end of promoting peace and security  Peacekeeping  Economic development  Global environment  Arms control, disarmament  Human rights

27. Peacekeeping = non-aggressive use of military force to settle conflicts.  UN peacekeepers = Neutral  Observers  Buffer  Negotiators  Monitor ceasefires  Supervise elections  Provide humanitarian aid

28. Peacekeeping continued  Lightly armed  SC grants authority for peacekeeping mission  UN has no army; SC borrows members  SC chooses a single commander  Conflicting parties must agree to UN presence  Funding - single biggest reason for lack of use  From peacemaking to peacekeeping  Now PEACEBUILDING

29. Peacebuilding  Action to support structures that will strengthen and consolidate peace by fostering international development, social justice, protection of human rights, good governance and the democratic process