1. Lecture Notes Alan D. Earhart Southeast Community College Lincoln, NE Chapter 1 Chemistry: Matter and Measurement John E. McMurry Robert C. Fay CHEMISTRY Fifth Edition Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

2. Chapter 1/2 Chemistry and the Elements

3. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/3

4. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/4 Elements and the Periodic Table Periods: 7 horizontal rows. Groups: 18 vertical columns. International standard: 1-18 US system: 1A-8A, 1B-8B

5. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/5 Elements and the Periodic Table Main Groups columns 1A-2A (2 groups) columns 3A-8A (6 groups) Transition Metals: 3B-2B (8 groups, 10 columns). Inner Transition Metals: 14 groups between 3B and 4B. lanthanides actinides

6. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/6 Elements and the Periodic Table Metals: Left side of the zigzag line in the periodic table (except for hydrogen). Nonmetals: Right side of the zigzag line in the periodic table. Semimetals (metalloids): Tend to lie along the zigzag line in the periodic table.

7. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/7 Elements and the Periodic Table Alkali Metals

8. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/8 Elements and the Periodic Table Alkaline Earth Metals

9. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/9 Elements and the Periodic Table Halogens

10. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/10 Elements and the Periodic Table Noble Gases

11. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/11 Some Chemical Properties of the Elements Intensive Properties: Independent of sample size. temperature melting point Extensive Properties: Dependent on sample size. length volume

12. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/12 Some Chemical Properties of the Elements Physical Properties: Characteristics that do not involve a change in a sample’s chemical makeup. Chemical Properties: Characteristics that do involve a change in a sample’s chemical makeup.

13. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/13 Experimentation and Measurement Système Internationale d´Unités All other units are derived from these fundamental units.

14. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/14

15. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/15 Measuring Mass Mass: Amount of matter in an object. Matter: Describes anything with a physical presence—anything you can touch, taste, or smell. Weight: Measures the force with which gravity pulls on an object.

16. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/16 Measuring Length Meter 1790: One ten-millionth of the distance from the equator to the North pole along a meridian running through Paris, France. 1889: Distance between two thin lines on a bar of platinum-iridium alloy stored near Paris, France. 1983: The distance light travels in 1/299,792,458 of a second.

17. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/17

18. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/18 Measuring Temperature (°F - 32 °F) 5 °C 9 °F °C =°C + 32 °F 9 °F 5 °C °F = K = °C + 273.15

19. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/19 Derived Units: Measuring Volume

20. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/20

21. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/21 Derived Units: Measuring Density density = volume mass solids- cm 3 liquids- mL gases- L Typical volume units

22. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/22 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures Accuracy: How close to the true value a given measurement is. Single measurement: percent error Series of measurements: average Precision: How well a number of independent measurements agree with each other. Characterized by the standard deviation.

23. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/23 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures good accuracy good precision Mass of a Tennis Ball

24. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/24 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures good accuracy poor precision Mass of a Tennis Ball

25. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/25 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures poor accuracy poor precision Mass of a Tennis Ball

26. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/26 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures Significant figures: The number of meaningful digits in a measured or calculated quantity. They come from uncertainty in any measurement. Generally the last digit in a reported measurement is uncertain (estimated). Exact numbers and relationships (7 days in a week, 30 students in a class, etc.) effectively have an infinite number of significant figures.

27. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/27 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures length = 1.74 cm 01243 cm 1.7 cm < length < 1.8 cm

28. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/28 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures 4.803 cm4 SF Rules for counting significant figures (left-to-right): 1.Zeros in the middle of a number are like any other digit; they are always significant.

29. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/29 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures 0.00661 g3 SF(or 6.61 x 10 -3 g) Rules for counting significant figures (left-to-right): 1.Zeros in the middle of a number are like any other digit; they are always significant. 2.Zeros at the beginning of a number are not significant (placeholders).

30. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/30 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures 55.220 K5 SF Rules for counting significant figures (left-to-right): 1.Zeros in the middle of a number are like any other digit; they are always significant. 2.Zeros at the beginning of a number are not significant (placeholders). 3.Zeros at the end of a number and after the decimal point are always significant.

31. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/31 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures Rules for counting significant figures (left-to-right): 1.Zeros in the middle of a number are like any other digit; they are always significant. 2.Zeros at the beginning of a number are not significant (placeholders). 3.Zeros at the end of a number and after the decimal point are always significant. 4.Zeros at the end of a number and after the decimal point may or may not be significant. 34,200 m? SF

32. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/32 Rounding Numbers Math rules for keeping track of significant figures: Multiplication or division: The answer can’t have more significant figures than any of the original numbers. 11.70 gal 278 mi = 23.8 mi/gal 4 SF 3 SF

33. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/33 Rounding Numbers Math rules for keeping track of significant figures: Multiplication or division: The answer can’t have more significant figures than any of the original numbers. Addition or subtraction: The answer can’t have more digits to the right of the decimal point than any of the original numbers. 3.19 + 0.01315 3.18 2 decimal places 5 decimal places 2 decimal places

34. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/34 Rounding Numbers Rules for rounding off numbers: 1.If the first digit you remove is less than 5, round down by dropping it and all following numbers. 5.664 525 = 5.66

35. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/35 Rounding Numbers Rules for rounding off numbers: 1.If the first digit you remove is less than 5, round down by dropping it and all following numbers. 2.If the first digit you remove is 6 or greater, round up by adding 1 to the digit on the left. 5.664 525 = 5.7

36. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/36 Rounding Numbers Rules for rounding off numbers: 1.If the first digit you remove is less than 5, round down by dropping it and all following numbers. 2.If the first digit you remove is 6 or greater, round up by adding 1 to the digit on the left. 3.If the first digit you remove is 5 and there are more nonzero digits following, round up. 5.664 525 = 5.665

37. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/37 Rounding Numbers Rules for rounding off numbers: 1.If the first digit you remove is less than 5, round down by dropping it and all following numbers. 2.If the first digit you remove is 6 or greater, round up by adding 1 to the digit on the left. 3.If the first digit you remove is 5 and there are more nonzero digits following, round up. 4.If the digit you remove is a 5 with nothing following, round down. 5.664 525 = 5.664 52

38. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/38 Calculations: Converting from One Unit to Another Dimensional analysis: A method that uses a conversion factor to convert a quantity expressed in one unit to an equivalent quantity in a different unit. Conversion factor: States the relationship between two different units. original quantity x conversion factor = equivalent quantity

39. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/39 Calculations: Converting from One Unit to Another 1 m = 39.37 in Conversion factor: Relationship: 1 m 39.37 in or 39.37 in 1 m converts m to in converts in to m

40. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 1/40 Calculations: Converting from One Unit to Another 39.37 in 1 m 69.5 in = 1.77 mx equivalent quantitystarting quantity conversion factor