1. “In The Name of God” Ventral & Dorsal Presented by: Yoosef Najian Visual Pathway

2. Cones Rods Parvocells (P cells) Magnocells (M cells)

3. Question ? Stimulus featureM cellsP cells –Color Contrast –Luminance contrast –Spatial Frequency –Temporal Frequency Sensitivity NOYes HigherLower LowerHigher HigherLower

6. Inferior Retina Superior Retina Upper visual Field Lower visual Field Inferior V1 Superior V1

7. Layers of the Cortex –I : Molecular Layer –II : External Granule Cell Layer –III : External Pyramidal Cell Layer –IV : Internal Granule Cell Layer –V : Internal Pyramidal Cell Layer –VI : Multiform Layer

12. What System = Parvocellular Pathway = P Pathway = Ventral Pathway = Temporal Pathway Where System = Magnocellular Pathway = M Pathway = Dorsal Pathway = Parietal Pathway

13. Organization of Visual Areas in Macaque and Human Cerebral Cortex David C. Van Essen In: Visual Neurosciences (L. Chalupa and J. Werner, eds.)

14. visual (blue, 52%) somatosensory (green, 10%) auditory (red, 3%) motor (magenta, 8%) olfactory (brown, 1%) Unassigned cortex (gray, 25%) is mostly cognitive or emotional in function

15. How can we identify distinct visual areas? –Architecture –Connectivity –Visual Topography –Functional Characteristics

16. Sulci : STS: Superior temporal sulcus AMTS: Anterior middle temporal sulcus PMTS: Posterior middle temporal sulcus OTS: Occipitotemporal sulcus RS: Rhinal sulcus IOS: Inferior occipital sulcus LS: Latral sulcus

17. Areas: TEOd ~ PITd TEOv ~ PITv TEpd ~ CITd TEpv ~ CITv TEad ~ AITd TEav ~ AITv

18. Keiji Tanaka TEOd TEpd TEad TEOvTEpvTEav

19. Kadharbatcha S. Saleem Keiji Tanaka Kathleen S. Rockland K. Cheng W. Suzuki T. Hashikawa Webster MJ Bachevalier J Ungerleider LG

20. Overall Distribution of Labeled Terminals(1)

21. Single Axon Reconstruction(1)

22. Single Axon Reconstruction(2)

23. Single Axon Reconstruction(3)

24. Conclusion: LIPd LIPv LOPV3A Parietal Areas Prefrontal Areas 845 12 1113

25. The Ventral Visual Object Pathway in Humans : Evidence from fMRI Nancy Kanwisher