2. Types of Maps

3. Cartography is the science of mapmaking. For thousands of years, people have used maps to define borders and to find places. What is a Map? A map is a graphic representation of a 3D object. Mapping the Earth Mercator Projection Robinson Projection Conic Projection Gnomonic Projection Topographic maps Geologic maps Thematic maps

4. 1. Geologic Maps – displays geologic features (rock type).

5. a. Topographic Maps – maps that show shape and elevation of the Earth.

6. 2. Bathymetric Maps – displays oceanic features (seafloor topography, currents, salinity, temperatures).

9. 3. Weather maps – displays atmospheric conditionsWeather maps

10. Latest ISOTHERMS Isotherms – lines of equal temperatures.

11. Isobars – lines of equal air pressure. Latest ISOBARS

12. 4. Astronomical Maps – displays location of object in space (planets, stars, comets, ect…).

14. Other types of Maps

15. Types of Maps (underline the following) Maps are flat models of a three-dimensional object, Earth. Types of Maps All flat maps distort to some degree either the shapes or the areas of landmasses. Cartographers use projections to make maps. A map projection is made by transferring points and lines on a globe’s surface onto a sheet of paper.

16. 1. Projections A Mercator projection shows parallel lines of latitude and longitude. Types of Maps In a Mercator projection, the shapes of the landmasses are correct, but their areas are distorted.

17. 2. Conic Projections A conic projection a map made by projecting points and lines from a globe onto a cone. Types of Maps The cone touches the globe at a particular line of latitude along which there is very little distortion in the areas or shapes of landmasses. Distortion is evident near the top and bottom of the projection.

18. 3. Gnomonic Projections A gnomonic projection - a map made by taking a picture from the north or south pole. Types of Maps Gnomonic projections distort direction and distance between landmasses. Gnomonic projections are useful in plotting long-distance trips by air or sea.

19. Shows most distances, sizes and shapes accurately. 4. Robinson Projections Distorts the areas around the edge of the map.

20. Satellites & Infrared imagery

21. Remote Sensing Until recently, mapmakers had to go on-site to collect the data needed to make maps. Remote Sensing Today, advanced technology has changed the way maps are made. The process of collecting data about Earth from far above Earth’s surface is called Remote sensing (Satellites).

22. 1. Satellites A Landsat satellite uses wavelengths of light including infrared radiation to produce an image. Remote Sensing Since the features on Earth’s surface radiate warmth at slightly different frequencies, they show up as different colors in images Landsat Images

24. Landsat image of Virginia

25. Virginia Beach – Landsat image.

27. 3. The Global Positioning System The Global Positioning System, or GPS, is a radio-navigation system of at least 24 satellites that allows its users to determine their exact position on Earth. Remote Sensing Each satellite orbits Earth and transmits high- frequency microwaves that contain information about the satellite’s position and the time of transmission. A GPS receiver calculates the user’s precise latitude and longitude by processing the signals emitted by multiple satellites.

28. Finding Locations on Earth

29. Latitude Earth has geographic North pole and geographic South pole Half way between them is the Equator The Equator divides the Earth into two halves: The Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere

30. Each hemisphere is divided into circles called parallels (because they are parallel to the equator) The distance north or south of the equator is called latitude Latitude is measured in degrees beginning at the equator which is at 0°

31. Latitude lines above the equator are labeled N Latitude lines below the equator are labeled S 30° N 45° S

32. Each degree of latitude is divided into 60 equal parts called minutes ( ' ) Each minute is divided into 60 equal parts called seconds ( " ) Washington DC 38°53'51" N

33. 5 Main Lines of Latitude to Know: 23.5° 23.5°S 66° 0° N N

34. Longitude Meridians or lines of longitude are used to identify locations east-west locations. Each is a half circle that runs from pole to pole The Prime Meridian passes through Greenwich, England

35. Longitude is also measured in degrees, minutes and seconds. The Prime Meridian is at longitude 0° All locations east of the Prime Meridian have longitudes from 0° to 180° E All locations west of the Prime Meridian have longitudes from 0° to 180° W

36. Washington DC 38°53'51" N 77°0‘33" W Latitude lines have equal distance between them But since longitude lines meet at the poles, the distance between them becomes less the further north or south you go