2. Renaissance

3. Influences of the Middle Ages There were 3: / Black Death. Killed millions and changed the balance of peasant / workers to nobility. The peasants gained power. / Church. Powerful force in society. However losing influence due to corruption (more later!) / Hundred Years War. Forced nationalism in France and England. Peasants’ power in battle overtakes that of nobility. How do these affect the Renaissance?

4. Why Italy? Why Now? Plenty of money thanks to trade / Why Italian trade? ¡Location. ¡Crusades Rivalries between city states Banking

5. Renaissance What was the renaissance? / “Rebirth of learning”. But whose? / Ideas of ancient Greece and Rome. / Church ignored this knowledge because… ¡Polytheistic people could not know more than Church! / Thomas Aquinas used Greek knowledge to prove the Bible. HUMANISM becomes the force of change during the Renaissance.

6. Humanism Renaissance Humanism was the reintroduction of classical thought (knowledge from Ancient Greece & Rome). The Renaissance began in Italy 15 th century (1400’s). The revival was based on interpretations of Roman and Greek knowledge. This was a great change from the focus on the Biblical values of the Catholic Church. This knowledge had been largely ignored by the Roman Catholic Church because of its polytheistic base. Humanism emphasized the study of science, philosophy, art, poetry, rhetoric (discussion/debate) and importance of an individual contribution. Renaissance humanists believed that the liberal arts should be practiced by all levels of wealth. One of the things you can look for in art and literature are “classical themes” (Mythological characters, ancient settings, the individual and the elegance of the human form etc.). The crisis of Renaissance humanism came with the trial of Galileo. The church taught that the earth was the center of the universe and Galileo disputed this based on his mathematic and scientific observations. This forced academics to choose between the authority of faith and religious teaching or science (a battle which continues to this day…intelligent design, creationism, and evolution). The trial exposed the contradictions between humanism and the teachings of the church, and humanism was branded a “dangerous doctrine”. Galileo was forced to recant (take back) his ideas, even though we now know them to be true, further showing the power of the Church during Renaissance times.

8. Geometrical Arrangement of Figures Geometrical Arrangement of Figures The Dreyfus Madonna with the Pomegranate Leonardo da Vinci 1469 The figure as architecture!

9. Realism & Expression Realism & Expression Expulsion from the Garden Masaccio 1427 First nudes since classical times.

10. Perspective Perspective Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! First use of linear perspective! Perspective! Perspective! The Trinity Masaccio 1427 What you are, I once was; what I am, you will become.

11. Classicism Classicism Greco-Roman influence. Secularism. Individualism  free standing figures. Symmetry/Balance The “Classical Pose” Medici “Venus” (1c)

12. Artists as Personalities/Celebrities Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects Giorgio Vasari 1550

14. Lorenzo the Magnificent 1478 - 1521 Cosimo de Medici 1517 - 1574

15. Birth of Venus – Botticelli, 1485

16. Botticelli’s Venus Motif. 10¢ Italian Euro coin. 2002 Euro Coin

17. David by Donatello 1430 First free-form bronze since Roman times! The Liberation of Sculpture

18. Baldassare Castiglione by Raphael, 1514-1515 Castiglione represented the humanist “gentleman” as a man of refinement and self-control. Book “The Courtier” defined the Renaissance Man

19. The Renaissance “Man” Broad knowledge about many things in different fields. Deep knowledge/skill in one area. Able to link information from different areas/disciplines and create new knowledge. The Greek ideal of the “well-rounded man” was at the heart of Renaissance education.

20. Self-Portrait -- da Vinci, 1512 1452 - 1519 Artist Sculptor Architect Scientist Engineer Inventor

21. Vitruvian Man Leonardo da Vinci 1492 The L’uomo universale

22. Mona Lisa – da Vinci, 1503-4

23. A Macaroni Mona Parody  The Best Form of Flattery?

24. A Picasso Mona

25. An Andy Warhol Mona

26. A “Mona”ca Lewinsky

27. Mona Lisa OR da Vinci??

28. Refractory Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie Milan

29. The Last Supper - da Vinci, 1498 & Geometry

30. horizontal vertical Perspective! The Last Supper - da Vinci, 1498

31. Detail of Jesus The Last Supper Leonardo da Vinci 1498 Deterioration

32. A Da Vinci “Code”: St. John or Mary Magdalene?

33. Leonardo, the Scientist (Biology): Pages from his Notebook An example of the humanist desire to unlock the secrets of nature.

34. Leonardo, the Scientist (Anatomy): Pages from his Notebook

35. Leonardo, the Inventor: Pages from his Notebook

36. Man Can Fly?

37. A study of siege defenses. Studies of water-lifting devices. Leonardo, the Engineer: Pages from his Notebook

38. Brunelleschi’s Dome

39. A Contest to Decorate the Cathedral: Sacrifice of Isaac Panels BrunelleschiGhiberti

40. Ghiberti – Gates of Paradise Baptistry Door, Florence – 1425 - 1452 The Winner!

41. The Pieta Michelangelo Buonarroti 1499 marble

42. David Michelangelo Buonarotti 1504 Marble

43.  15c 16c  What a difference a century makes!

45. The Sistine Chapel Michelangelo Buonarroti 1508 - 1512

46. The Sistine Chapel’s Ceiling Michelangelo Buonarroti 1508 - 1512

47. The Sistine Chapel Details The Creation of the Heavens

48. The Sistine Chapel Details Creation of Man

49. The Sistine Chapel Details The Fall from Grace

50. The Sistine Chapel Details The Last Judgment

51. The School of Athens – Raphael, 1510 -11 Raphael Da Vinci Michelangelo

52. Aristotle: looks to this earth [the here and now]. Plato: looks to the heavens [or the IDEAL realm]. The School of Athens – Raphael, details

53. Averroes Hypatia Pythagoras

54. Zoroaster Ptolemy Euclid

55. Flaying of Marsyas Titian, 1576 Apollo Stages of life for the artist. (TITIAN?)

56. Arnolfini and His Bride Full of symbolism. Lots of commentary about the era / Appearance / Dog / Shoes / Bed / Window / Fruit / Chandelier / Mirror